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screening for COVID-19; screening for SARS-CoV2

Indications: - CMS requires nursing home staff to be tested for COVID-19 [1] - weekly testing of nursing home staff & residents effective for early identification of SARS-CoV2, resulting in rapid mitigation of an outbreak [4] - general population - when COVID-19 transmission in a community is high (an effective reproduction number of >=2.2 ), weekly rapid antigen testing of the whole population followed by 2 weeks' isolation after a positive test is the most cost-effective mitigation strategy, according [3] - when transmission rates are lower (reproduction numberof 1.2), monthly testing (staggered throughout the month) with a 1-week isolation period suggested [3] Epidemiology: - screening for Covid-19 at 10 entrances to Yale New Haven Hospital based on temperature of >= 38 C (100.4 F), any exposure to or symptom suggestive of COVID-19 or positive SARS-CoV2 testing within 2 weeks, or recent travel to high-risk areas, failed in 2.6% of cases in March of 2020 [6] - failures were less frequent during other months Methods: - also see SARS-CoV2 laboratory - dogs can be trained to sniff out human cases of COVID-19 [2] - clinical trial at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine to determine if specialist medical sniffer dogs could detect COVID-19 in humans, even before symptoms appear [2] - dogs can be trained to sniff out human cases of COVID-19 [2] in 1 week - dogs can detect COVID-19 in crowded places, including airports, with sensitivity of 97% & specificity of 91% [2] - Miami Heat, NBA basketball team using dogs to screen fans [2] - Chilean officials are training police dogs to sniff out human cases of COVID-19 to guide reopening [2] - a quick olfactory test as a COVID-19 screening tool - sensitivity of 75% & specificity of 95.2% vs PCR - uses lemon, grape, floral, blueberry, bannana, mint [5]

Related

SARS Cov2 epidemiology SARS Cov2 laboratory severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV2; Wuhan coronavirus

General

screening for viral infection

References

  1. Frieden J CMS Rule Requires Nursing Home Staff to be Tested for COVID-19 - Non-compliant facilities could face fines in excess of $400 per day MedPage Today August 26, 2020 https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/88285
  2. Arias T, Ulloa C Chile wants Covid-19 sniffer dogs to help reopen public spaces. CNN Health July 22, 2020 https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/22/health/dogs-coronavirus-sniff-public-spaces-intl/index.html - Crist C Trained Dogs Can Identify COVID-19 Infections, Study Says. Medscape - Jul 30, 2020. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/934876 - Jendrny P, Schulz C, Twele F et al Scent dog identification of samples from COVID-19 patients -a pilot study. BMC Infect Dis 20, 536. July 23, 2020 PMID: 32703188 Free PMC article https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-020-05281-3 - Howard J Miami Heat lets dogs out to screen fans for Covid-19 -- but what does the science say? CNN health. Jan 28, 2021 https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/28/health/covid-19-miami-heat-dogs-explainer-wellness/index.html - Grandjean D, Sarkis R, Lecoq-Julien C et al Can the detection dog alert on COVID-19 positive persons by sniffing axillary sweat samples? A proof-of-concept study. PLoS One. 2020 Dec 10;15(12):e0243122. PMID: 33301539 Free PMC article. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0243122 - Russell P. Could Bio-detection Dogs Sniff Out COVID-19 Infection? Medscape - May 17, 2020 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/930652 - Henley J Dogs can better detect Covid in humans than lateral flow tests, finds study. French trial shows dogs were able to detect presence of coronavirus with 97% accuracy. The Guardian. May 20, 2021 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2021/may/20/dogs-can-better-detect-covid-in-humans-than-lateral-flow-tests-finds-study - Polus S COVID-19 sniffing dogs being deployed in Massachusetts. The Hill July 15, 2021 https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/563212-covid-19-sniffing-dogs-being-deployed-in-massachusetts - Arias T, Ulloa C Chile wants Covid-19 sniffer dogs to help reopen public spaces. CNN Health July 22, 2020 https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/22/health/dogs-coronavirus-sniff-public-spaces-intl/index.html
  3. Du Z, Pandey A, Bai Y et al Comparative cost-effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 testing strategies in the USA: a modelling study. Lancet Public Health. Feb 4, 2021 PMID: 33549196 Free PMC article https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(21)00002-5/fulltext
  4. Tumolo J Weekly SARS-CoV-2 Testing Effective for Fast Mitigation of NH Outbreak. Annals of Long-Term Care. May 17, 2021 https://www.managedhealthcareconnect.com/annals-long-term-care/weekly-sars-cov-2-testing-effective-fast-mitigation-nh-outbreak - van den Besselaar JH, Sikkema RS, Koene FMHPA et al. Are presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in nursing home residents unrecognized symptomatic infections? Sequence and metadata from weekly testing in an extensive nursing home outbreak. Age Ageing. 2021 [published online ahead of print, 2021 May 7] PMID: 33963830 PMCID: PMC8136016 Free PMC article
  5. Said M, Davis P, Davis S et al A Rapid Olfactory Test as a Potential Screening Tool for COVID-19. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Published online July 15, 2021 PMID: 34264269 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/fullarticle/2782044
  6. Roberts SC, Faruq RN, Wilkinson AK et al Analysis of Failure Rates for COVID-19 Entrance Screening at a US Academic Medical Center. JAMA Intern Med. Published online November 28, 2022. PMID: 36441528 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2798551 - Ward E, Katz MH. The Uncertain Effects of Surveillance Screening for COVID-19 for Individuals Entering Health Care Facilities. JAMA Intern Med. Published online November 28, 2022. PMID: 36441540 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2798553