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retinoid response element (RXRE)

Unlike steroid hormones, the natural response elements for retinoic acid, thyroid hormones, vitamin D3, & peroxisome proliferators consist of a direct repeat of a binding site (related to hexamer AGGTCA) rather than a palindrome. The vitamin D3 (D3R), retinoic acid (RAR), thyroid hormone (T3R), & peroxisome proliferator-activated (PPAR) receptors bind to their response elements as heterodimers with the retinoid X receptor (RXR), with the spacing of the direct repeats determining the binding preference: 1 bp spacing for PPAR:RXR & RXR homodimers 2 bp spacing for D3R:RXR 3 bp spacing for T3R:RXR 4 bp spacing for D3R:RXR 5 bp spacing for RAR:RXR

Specific

LX response element (LXRE) peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE) retinoic acid response element (RARE) thyroid [T3] response element (T3RE) vitamin D response element (VDRE)

General

enhancer element

Properties

MISC-INFO: consensus

References

  1. Sporn MB, Roberts AB. Interactions of retinoids and transforming growth factor-beta in regulation of cell differentiation and proliferation. Mol Endocrinol. 1991 Jan;5(1):3-7. Review. PMID: 2017191
  2. Green S. Nuclear hormone receptors. Promiscuous liaisons. Nature. 1993 Feb 18;361(6413):590-1. PMID: 8382343