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ophthalmoscopy
Indications:
- glaucoma
- retinal disease
- optic neuritis
- visual field loss
- assessment of papilledema due to increased intracranial pressure
Procedure:
- examination of the fundus of the eye using a device for studying the interior of the eye through the pupil.
Corneal examination: set at +15 diopters
Video [3]
Clinical significance:
- temporal pallor of the optic nerve (disk) is seen in conditions that damage the optic nerve
- glaucoma
- brain tumors
- inflammation of the optic nerve
- papilledema
- sign of increased intracranial pressure
- swelling for the optic disc
- lipid (appears yellow) leaking out into the macula
- arteriovenous nicking
- often seen in patients with chronic hypertension
- result of changes in arteriolar & venular junctions [4]
- microaneurysms seen in patients with diabetes mellitus [4]
- macular edema seen in patients with diabeted mellitus [4]
- optic atrophy
- disc pallor & distinct margins
- insidious development following ischemic or inflammatory injury to the optic nerve (chronic not acute sign) [4]
Related
swollen optic disk
Specific
binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy (BIO)
direct ophthalmoscopy (DO); direct funduscopic examination (DFE)
ophthalmic diagnostic imaging
ophthalmoscopy for cataract surgery
ophthalmoscopy for diabetes mellitus
ophthalmoscopy for macular degeneration
ophthalmoscopy for macular edema/retinopathy
ophthalmoscopy with retinal drawing for retinal detachment/melanoma
General
clinical procedure
References
- Stedman's Medical Dictionary 26th ed, Williams &
Wilkins, Baltimore, 1995
- Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, American
College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998
- Liu Y, Wu F, Lu L et al
VIDEOS IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. Examination of the Retina.
N Engl J Med 2015; 373:e9. August 20, 2015
PMID: 26287871
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMvcm1308125
- NEJM Knowledge+ Nephrology/Urology
- NEJM Knowledge+ Ophthalmology