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mycosis; fungal infection

Classification: - dimorphic mycoses include histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, & blastomycosis [11] Epidemiology: 1) serious fungal infections are found in: a) 2% of patients at autopsy b) 10% of patients with solid tumors c) up to 40% of patients with leukemia 2) 15% of renal transplant patients have a fungal infection at some time 3) many pathogenic fungi are saprophytes 4) dimorphic mycoses increasingly found outside of endemic areas - from 2007-2016, at least one county in most states with clinically significant rates of dimorphic mycoses [11] 5) most likely acute fungal infection in a traveler returning from Central America or South America is histoplasmosis Pathology: - almost all mycoses produce granulomas Pharmacology: - antifungal agents (polyenes, azoles & echinocandins) are not predictably effective against emerging yeasts & filamentous fungi [3] - resistance to azoles (pyrroles & triazoles) is more common then with polyenes & echinocandins Management: - antifungal therapy for fungemia for 14 days after first negative blood cultures

Related

antifungal agent fungus culture saprophyte

Specific

alimentary toxic aleukia angioinvasive fungal infection aspergillosis Blastomycosis candidiasis chromoblastomycosis (chromomycosis) coccidioidomycosis cryptococcosis dermatophytosis entomophthoramycosis ergotism fungal arthritis fungal cystitis fungal meningitis fungemia (systemic fungal infection, fungal septicemia) fusariosis geotrichosis histoplasmosis (Ohio Valley fever) hyalohyphomycosis keratomycosis maduromycosis mucormycosis (Zygomycosis, Phycomycosis) mycetoma (fungus ball, Madera foot) onychomycosis otomycosis; fungal otitis externa paracoccidioidomycosis paronychia petriellidosis (allescheriosis) phaeohyphomycosis piedra; trichosporosis pneumocystosis pseudallescheriosis rhinosporidiosis sporotrichosis talaromycosis Tinea yeast infection

General

granulomatous disease infection (infectious disease)

References

  1. Mayo Internal Medicine Board Review, 1998-99, Prakash UBS (ed) Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1998, pg 807
  2. Chen SC, Playford EG, Sorrell TC. Antifungal therapy in invasive fungal infections. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2010 Oct;10(5):522-30. PMID: 20598943
  3. Thursky KA, Playford EG, Seymour JF et al Recommendations for the treatment of established fungal infections. Intern Med J. 2008 Jun;38(6b):496-520 PMID: 18588522
  4. Vyas KS, Bariola JR, Bradsher RW Jr. Treatment of endemic mycoses. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2010 Feb;4(1):85-95. PMID: 20387295
  5. Kohli R, Hadley S. Fungal arthritis and osteomyelitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2005 Dec;19(4):831-51. PMID: 16297735
  6. Leroux S, Ullmann AJ. Management and diagnostic guidelines for fungal diseases in infectious diseases and clinical microbiology: critical appraisal. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013 Dec;19(12):1115-21. Review. PMID: 24118188 Free Article
  7. Perfect JR. Fungal diagnosis: how do we do it and can we do better? Curr Med Res Opin. 2013 Apr;29 Suppl 4:3-11. Review. PMID: 23621588
  8. Malcolm TR, Chin-Hong PV. Endemic mycoses in immunocompromised hosts. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2013 Dec;15(6):536-43. PMID: 24197921
  9. Kaushik N, Pujalte GG, Reese ST. Superficial Fungal Infections. Prim Care. 2015 Dec;42(4):501-16. Review. PMID: 26612371
  10. Hage CA, Carmona EM, Epelbaum O et al Microbiological Laboratory Testing in the Diagnosis of Fungal Infections in Pulmonary and Critical Care Practice. An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Sep 1;200(5):535-550. PMID: 31469325 https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.201906-1185ST - Haydour Q, Hage CA, Carmona EM et al Diagnosis of Fungal Infections. A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis Supporting American Thoracic Society Practice Guideline. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2019 Sep;16(9):1179-1188. PMID: 31219341
  11. Mazi PB et al. The geographic distribution of dimorphic mycoses in the United States for the modern era. Clin Infect Dis 2022 Nov 11; [e-pub]. PMID: 36366776 https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/cid/ciac882/6821728
  12. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Fungal Diseases https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/fungal-diseases