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mortality

Also see longevity Etiology: 1) see death for causes of mortality 2) risk factors - also see cardiovascular risk factors - 6 risk factors for premature mortality from chronic disease - tobacco use - smoking cessation is the single most important thing a smoker can do to improve life expectancy & quality of life [30,31] - alcoholism - excessive salt intake - hypertension - obesity - hyperglycemia & diabetes mellitus [9] - dyslipidemia - low socioeconomic status [19] - manifestations of increased mortality in the elderly - weaker grip strength - slower walking speed - 400 meter walk predicts mortality - lowest quartile, mean time 4.5 minutes [4] - gait speed is best predictor of mortality [7] - slower chair rise time [3] - self reported exhaustion is not strongly associated with mortality - low muscle strength in adolescent males (knee extension, hand grip) associated with higher early death due to cardiovascular disease or suicide [6] - no effect on early cancers - alpha male effect ? - body composition predicts mortality - predicted fat mass & all-cause death is linear - predicted lean mass & death is U-shaped [22] - 10-year mortality higher in adolescents presenting to an emergency department with injuries from self-harm, drugs, alcohol, or violence versus accidents [20] - anosmia increases 5-year risk of mortality in the elderly 5-fold [11] - telomer length - shorter leukocyte telomere length associated with increased mortality risk [24] - shortening of telomeres does not play a causative role in aging [26] - leukocyte telomere length of 5 kb defined as telomeric brink - a subset of adults may reach the telomeric brink within 100 years [25] - attending religious services may be a negative risk factor [15] - online calculator for prediction score based on questionnaire [13] * self-rated health best predictor of mortality [16,17] * ePrognosis calculator estimates mortality in elderly without terminal illness [16] Epidemiology: - mortality increases exponentially with age - clinical significance of predicting mortality in elderly > 80 years of age less important than quality of life & maintaining independence [16] - infant mortality 0.582 % of live births [10] - infant mortality in the U.S. is declining - from 2013 to 2014, deaths in the U.S from Alzheimer disease increased 8.1% to 25.4 per 100,000 population [10] - in 2013 Alzheimer disease was the 6th leading cause of death - adults without health insurance with 40% higher relative risk for death than insured adults [1] - mortality from causes amenable to healthcare intervention are higher in the U.S. than in France, Germany, & the U.K. [4] - regional variations in U.S. mortality rates - mortality rate in Mississippi, Washington DC twice that in Minnesota [4] - since 1980, U.S. mortality has been higher than that in other affluent nations [29] - 1980-2019, 335 million fewer years of life in U.S. than in other affluent nations [29] - economic hardship is associated with higher levels of physical activity, lower body mass index (BMI), & probably better dietary habits in Cuba [8] - the reduction in BMI is associated with reduced mortality from diabetes & cardiovascular disease - increase in economic prosperity in U.S. associated with small decrease in cardiovascular mortality [27] - all-cause mortality is 24% lower for Hispanics than non-Hispanic whites living in the U.S. despite Hispanics lesser access to healthcare [12] - hispanics have lower mortality from heart disease & cancer than whites - deaths due to diabetes mellitus & chronic liver disease are ~ 50% higher in hispanics than whites - deaths due to homicide are ~100% higher in hispanics than whites - less smoking & more family support among Hispanics may be factors [12] - increasing mortality among middle-age white men with at most a high school degree; suicide & chronic liver disease contribute [14] - cardiovascular mortality declining, but less so after 2011 [18] - mortality decreases as aerobic fitness improves with no upper limit of benefit at any age [23] - baseline poverty or loss of wealth over 2 years in US adults > 50 years is associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (RR=1.5-1.7) [21] - mortality due to Alzheimer's disease has increased in elderly (> 65 years) from 129 per 100,000 to 200 per 100,000 in 2014 [16] - hearing loss & peripheral neuropathy are independently & additively associated with premature mortality [32] - associations may be mediated in part by impaired balance [32]

Related

death life expectancy longevity morbidity

Specific

maternal mortality

References

  1. Wikipedia: Mortality http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortality
  2. Wilper AP et al Health insurance and mortality in US adults. Am J Public Health 2009 Dec; 99:2289. PMID: 19762659
  3. Cooper R et al, Objectively measured physical capability levels and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis BMJ 2010; 341:c4467 PMID: 20829298 http://www.bmj.com/content/341/bmj.c4467.full - Cooper R et al Objective measures of physical capability and subsequent health: a systematic review. Age Ageing. 2010 Sep 15. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20843964
  4. Vestergaard S et al, Characteristics of 400-Meter Walk Test Performance and Subsequent Mortality in Older Adults Rejuvenation Res. 2009 June; 12(3): 177-184. PMID: 19594326
  5. Nolte E and McKee CM In Amenable Mortality-Deaths Avoidable Through Health Care- Progress In The US Lags That Of Three European Countries PMID: 22933419 http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2012/08/20/hlthaff.2011.0851.full
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  9. Kontis V et al Contribution of six risk factors to achieving the 25x25 non-communicable disease mortality reduction target: a modelling study. The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 3 May 2014 PMID: 24797573 http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2960616-4/abstract - Atun R Decisive action to end apathy and achieve 25x25 NCD targets. The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 3 May 2014 PMID: 24797574 http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2960728-5/fulltext
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  11. Pinto JM et al. Olfactory dysfunction predicts 5-year mortality in older adults. PLoS ONE 2014 Oct 1; 9:e107541 PMID: 25271633
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  16. Geriatric Review Syllabus, 9th edition (GRS9) Medinal-Walpole A, Pacala JT, Porter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2016 - Geriatric Review Syllabus, 10th edition (GRS10) Harper GM, Lyons WL, Potter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2019
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  20. Herbert A, Gilbert R, Cottrell D, Li L. Causes of death up to 10 years after admissions to hospitals for self-inflicted, drug-related or alcohol-related, or violent injury during adolescence: A retrospective, nationwide, cohort study. Lancet 2017 May 25 PMID: 28552365 http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)31045-0/fulltext
  21. Pool LR, Burgard SA, Needham BL et al Association of a Negative Wealth Shock With All-Cause Mortality in Middle-aged and Older Adults in the United States. JAMA. 2018;319(13):1341-1350. April 3, 2018 PMID: 29614178 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2677445 - Garber AM From Misfortune to Mortality. Sudden Loss of Wealth and Increased Risk of Death. JAMA. 2018;319(13):1327-1328. April 3, 2018 PMID: 29614162 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2677426
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  32. Mold JW, Lawler FH, Liao X, Bard DE. Associations between hearing loss, peripheral neuropathy, balance, and survival in older primary care patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2024 Aug 14. PMID: 39143038 https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgs.19142