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horseshoe kidney
Pathology:
- kidneys are fused at the lower pole
- highly variant arteries & veins
- constant stasis resulting in low level of inflammation
- increased risk for
- traumatic kidney injury
- urinary obstruction
- nephrolithiasis
- Wilms tumor
- renal cell carcinoma
- vesicoureteral reflux
Special laboratory:
- voiding cystourethrogram to assess vesicoureteral reflux [2]
- renal ultrasound may show hydronephrosis
- not sensitive for vesicoureteral reflux
- may not fully visualize horseshoe kidney
Management:
- treatment of hydronephrosis & vesicoureteral reflux
General
congenital anomaly (birth defect)
kidney disease; renal disease
References
- Thomas S, Grimm L, Brady MP
Renal Cell Carcinoma: Recognition and Follow-up.
Medscape. April 18, 2016
http://reference.medscape.com/features/slideshow/renal-cell-carcinoma
- NEJM Knowledge+ Nephrology/Urology