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growth/differentiation factor 15; GDF-15; placental bone morphogenetic protein; placental TGF-beta; macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1; MIC-1; prostate differentiation factor; NSAID-activated gene 1 protein; NAG-1; NSAID-regulated gene 1 protein; NRG-1 (GDF15, MIC1, PDF, PLAB, PTGFB)
Function:
- role in inflammation & oxidative stress
Structure:
- homodimer; disulfide-linked (putative)
- belongs to the TGF-beta family
Compartment: secreted (probable)
Expression:
- highly expressed in placenta
- expressed at lower levels in prostate & colon
- some expression in kidney
Pathology:
- high levels of plasma GDF15 (median 1383 ng/L) associated with increased risk for major bleeding, mortality, & stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation* [2]
- fetal production of GDF15, & maternal sensitivity to GDF15, contribute to nausea & vomiting of morning sickness & risk of hyperemesis gravidarum [4]
* apixaban consistently reduces stroke, mortality, & bleeding, regardless of plasma GDF15 levels*
General
growth/differentiation factor (GDF)
Properties
SIZE: entity length = 308 aa
MW = 34 kD
MOTIF: signal sequence {1-29}
N-glycosylation site {N70}
cysteine residue {C211}
MODIFICATION: cysteine residue {C274}
cysteine residue {C240}
MODIFICATION: cysteine residue {C305}
cysteine residue {C244}
MODIFICATION: cysteine residue {C307}
cysteine residue {C273}
MODIFICATION: cysteine residue {C-INTERCHAIN}
cysteine residue {C274}
MODIFICATION: cysteine residue {C211}
cysteine residue {C305}
MODIFICATION: cysteine residue {C240}
cysteine residue {C307}
MODIFICATION: cysteine residue {C244}
Database Correlations
OMIM 605312
UniProt Q99988
Pfam PF00019
Entrez Gene 9518
Kegg hsa:9518
References
- UniProt :accession Q99988
- Atlas of Genetics & Cytogenetics in Oncology & Haematology
http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/genes/GDF15ID40701ch19p13.html
- Wallentin L et al.
Growth differentiation factor 15, a marker of oxidative stress
and inflammation, for risk assessment in patients with atrial
fibrillation: Insights from the ARISTOTLE trial.
Circulation 2014 Oct 7
PMID: 25294786
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/21/1847
- Fejo M, Rocha N, Cimino I et al
GDF15 linked to maternal risk of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.
Nature. 2-23. Dec 13.
PMID: 38092039
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06921-9