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childhood immunization

Indications: - infants & children *Caution - adalimumab during pregnancy may persist in the offspring's blood for nearly 2 years; a delay in infant immunization may be indicated [25] Epidemiology: - children of U.S. military personnel may be at increased risk for missing childhood vaccinations [11] - 94-95% of kindergartners received the state-required number of doses of diphtheria, tetanus, & acellular pertussis vaccine (usually, 5 doses); the measles, mumps & rubella vaccine (2 doses); & the varicella vaccine (usually, 2 doses) [20] - requiring parents to receive clinician counseling before obtaining an exemption for kindergarten vaccination is associated with a decrease in exemption rates [22] - the Vaccines for Children Program 1994-2023 has saved a million lives & trillions of dollars [27] Complications: - Emotionally-charged issues confounded by financial incentives & physicians poor understanding of the mechanisms of disease & of immunizations may lead to requests from parents that physicians are insufficiently informed to handle. [10] Notes: - AMA recommends that states eliminate non-medical exemptions to immunizations [13] - clinicians who directly care for patients are obligated to be immunized, barring a medical reason [13] - California eliminates non-medical exemptions to immunizations [13] - unvaccinated children who do not have a medical exemption will have to receive their schooling at home or in private home-schooling groups [13] - children of immigrants may be less likely to receive recommended childhood vaccinations [16] - topical liposomal lidocaine at site of vaccination may reduce vaccination discomfort for infants [18

General

immunization (vaccination)

References

  1. Center for Disease Control 'Recommended Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedule, United States, 2005' http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr//preview/mmwrhtml/mm5351-Immunizationa1.htm
  2. Recommended Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedules United States, 2009 Committee on Infectious Diseases http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/123/1/189
  3. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases. Recommended childhood and adolescent immunization schedules United States, 2009. Pediatrics 2009 Jan; 123:189. PMID: 19117881 - Offit PA and Moser CA. The problem with Dr Bob's alternative vaccine schedule. Pediatrics 2009 Jan; 123:e164 PMID: 19117838 - Vajo Z et al Safety and immunogenicity of a prepandemic influenza A (H5N1) vaccine in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008 Dec; 27:1052. PMID: 18978514
  4. American Academy of Pediatrics Recommended Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedules- United States 2012 PMID: 22303028 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/129/2/385.full
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Recommended Immunization Schedules for Persons Aged 0 Through 18 years and Adults Aged 19 Years and Older United States, 2013 MMWR. January 28, 2013 / 62(Early Release);1-19 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm62e0128a1.htm
  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National, State, and Local Area Vaccination Coverage Among Children Aged 19-35 Months - United States, 2012 MMWR. September 13, 2013 / 62(36);733-740 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6236a1.htm
  7. Seither R et al Vaccination Coverage Among Children in Kindergarten - United States, 2013-14 School Year MMWR Weekly. October 17, 2014 / 63(41);913-920 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6341a1.htm
  8. Lieu TA et al. Geographic clusters in underimmunization and vaccine refusal. Pediatrics 2015 Feb; 135:280 PMID: 25601971 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/135/2/280
  9. American Academy of Pediatrics Immunization Schedules for 2015 Recommended Immunization Schedule for Persons Aged 0 Through 18 Years, United States, 2015. http://redbook.solutions.aap.org/selfserve/ssPage.aspx?SelfServeContentId=Immunization_Schedules - American Academy of Pediatrics Recommended Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedule - United States, 2015. PEDIATRICS Volume 135, number 2, February 2015 PMID: 25624382 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/01/20/peds.2014-3955.full.pdf+html - COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES. Recommended Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedule-United States, 2017. Pediatrics. 2017 Mar;139(3). pii: e20164007. Epub 2017 Feb 6. PMID: 28167516
  10. Kempe A et al. Physician response to parental requests to spread out the recommended vaccine schedule. Pediatrics 2015 Mar 2 PMID: 25733753 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/02/24/peds.2014-3474
  11. Dunn AC et al Childhood Vaccination Coverage Rates Among Military Dependents in the United States. Pediatrics. April 13, 2015 PMID: 25869378 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/04/08/peds.2014-2101
  12. Henrikson NB et al Physician Communication Training and Parental Vaccine Hesitancy: A Randomized Trial. Pediatrics. June 1, 2015 PMID: 26034240 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/05/26/peds.2014-3199 - Leask J et al Physician Communication With Vaccine-Hesitant Parents: the Start, Not the End, of the Story. Pediatrics. June 1, 2015 PMID: 26034247 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/05/26/peds.2015-1382
  13. AMA News Room. June 8, 2015 AMA Supports Tighter Limitations on Immunization Opt Outs. http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/news/news/2015/2015-06-08-tighter-limitations-immunization-opt-outs.page - JWatch Editors California Opts to Limit Vaccine Exemptions Physician's First Watch, June 26, 2015 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
  14. National Center for Complementary and Inegrative Health Vaccinations / Immunizations for Children https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/vaccinationsimmunizations-for-children
  15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Birth-18 Years & "Catch-up" Immunization Schedules Details for Healthcare Professionals. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/child-adolescent.html
  16. Wolf E, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Tasslimi A et al Parental Country of Birth and Childhood Vaccination Uptake in Washington State. Pediatrics Jun 2016, e20154544 PMID: 27358475
  17. American Academy of Pediatrics. Medical versus nonmedical immunization exemptions for child care and school attendance. Pediatrics 2016 Aug 29 PMID: 27573087 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/08/25/peds.2016-2145
  18. Taddio A, Pillai Riddell R, Ipp M et al Relative effectiveness of additive pain interventions during vaccination in infants CMAJ December 12, 2016 PMID: 27956393 http://www.cmaj.ca/content/early/2016/12/12/cmaj.160542.full.pdf+html
  19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Recommended Immunization Schedule for Children and Adolescents Aged 18 Years or Younger, UNITED STATES, 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/child-adolescent.html
  20. Seither R, Calhoun K, Street EJ, et al. Vaccination Coverage for Selected Vaccines, Exemption Rates, and Provisional Enrollment Among Children in Kindergarten - United States, 2016-17 School Year. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:1073-1080 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6640a3.htm
  21. Robinson CL, Romero JR, Kempe A et al Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedule for Children and Adolescents Aged 18 Years or Younger - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Feb 10;66(5):134-135. PMID: 28182607 Free Article
  22. Omer SB, Allen K, Chang DH et al Exemptions From Mandatory Immunization After Legally Mandated Parental Counseling. Pediatrics. Dec 2017 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2017/12/15/peds.2017-2364
  23. Committee on Infectious Diseases. American Academy of Pediatrics. Recommended Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedules: United States, 2018. Pediatrics. Feb 2018 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2018/02/02/peds.2018-0083
  24. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) Recommended Immunization Schedule for Children and Adolescents Aged 18 Years or Younger, UNITED STATES, 2018 https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/downloads/child/0-18yrs-child-combined-schedule.pdf
  25. Labetoulle R, Roblin X, Paul S Prolonged Persistence of Adalimumab Transferred From Mother to Infant During Pregnancy. Ann Intern Med. 2018. March 6. PMID: 29507939 http://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2674120/prolonged-persistence-adalimumab-transferred-from-mother-infant-during-pregnancy
  26. COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES Recommended Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedules: United States, 2019. Pediatrics. Feb 2019 PMID: 30824606 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2019/02/01/peds.2019-0065 - Committee on Infectious Diseases. Recommended childhood and adolescent immunization schedule: United States, 2020. Pediatrics 2020 Feb 4; e20193995 PMID: 32019815 https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2020/01/31/peds.2019-3995 - Wodi AP, Murthy N, McNally V et al. Advisory committee on immunization practices recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger - United States, 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023 Feb 10; 72:137-140. PMID: 36757872 PMCID: PMC9925138 Free PMC article https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7206a1.htm - Wodi AP et al. Advisory committee on immunization practices recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger - United States, 2024. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024 Jan 11; 73:6 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mm7301a2.htm - American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Infectious Diseases. Recommended childhood and adolescent immunization schedule: United States, 2024. Pediatrics 2024 Feb; 153:e2023065044 https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/153/2/e2023065044/195490/Recommended-Childhood-and-Adolescent-Immunization
  27. Zhou F, Jatlaoui TC, Leidner AJ, et al. Health and Economic Benefits of Routine Childhood Immunizations in the Era of the Vaccines for Children Program - United States, 1994-2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024;73:682-685 PMID: 39116024 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mm7331a2.htm