causes of hematuria

Etiology: 1) infection a) cystitis - E coli - schistosomiasis - Schistosoma haematobium (sub Saharan Africa) b) pyelonephritis c) urethritis d) prostatitis e) poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (resolving) 2) benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) 3) nephrolithiasis 4) urogenital neoplasms a) bladder neoplasm b) renal neoplasm c) prostate cancer d) ureteral neoplasm 5) renal disease a) glomerulonephritis 1] IgA nephropathy 2] membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis 3] other glomerulonephritis b) benign familial hematuria c) hypertensive nephrosclerosis d) thin basement membrane disease e) runner's hematuria f) drug-induced hematuria g) papillary necrosis h) renal cysts & polycystic kidney disease i) renal infarct j) medullary sponge disease k) obstructive or reflux nephropathy (hydronephrosis) l) tuberculosis m) renal vein thrombosis n) nephrosclerosis 6) bladder a) bladder diverticulum b) bladder calculi 7) hematologic a) coagulopathy b) sickle cell disease c) hemophilia d) thrombocytopenia 8) trauma a) indwelling catheter b) meatal ulceration 9) endometriosis 10) hereditary & familial disorders a) Alport's syndrome b) Fabry's disease 11) pharmacologic agents 12) miscellaneous causes a) irradiation b) chemical injury c) foreign body d) varices e) prostate stones f) strictures g) ureterocele h) ureterutus cystica i) polyps 13) false-positives may be due to: a) beets b) blackberries c) vaginal bleeding d) myoglobin 13) idiopathic: often no etiology is found

Specific

pharmaceutical agents associated with hematuria

References

Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed. Isselbacher et al (eds), McGraw-Hill Inc. NY, 1994, pg 1305

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