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carnitine (Carnitor)
Tradename: Carnitor.
Epidemiology:
- abundant is red meat
Indications:
- primary & secondary carnitine deficiency
- acute myocardial infarction
- not standard of yet care
- reduces all-cause mortality, ventricular arrhythmias & symptoms of angina pectoris in patients with acute myocardial infarction [5]
Dosage:
1) 990 mg PO BID/TID
2) children:
a) 50-100 mg/kg/day divided BID/TID
b) maximum: 3 g/day
Tabs: 250 & 330 mg.
Solution: 100 mg/mL
Injection: 1 g/5 mL (5 mL)
Adverse effects:
- not common (1-10%)
- nausea/vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, myasthenia, body odor
- L-carnitine is converted by gut bacteria to trimethylamine-N-oxide
- plasma levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide correlate with risk of cardiovascular disease [3]
Laboratory:
- carnitine in specimen
- carnitine in tissue
- carnitine in body fluid
- carnitine in CSF
- carnitine in semen
- carnitine in serum/plasma
- carnitine in urine
Interactions
molecular events
Related
carnitine biosynthesis
carnitine deficiency
Specific
acylcarnitine
General
alcohol
ammonium compound
carboxylate
metabolic agent (metabolic modifier)
Properties
COMPARTMENT: inner mitochondrial membrane
MISC-INFO: elimination route KIDNEY
pregnancy-category B
safety in lactation ?
Database Correlations
PUBCHEM correlations
References
- The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed.
Gilman et al, eds. Permagon Press/McGraw Hill, 1996
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California Regional Drug
Formulary, 1998
- Koeth RA et al
Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in
red meat, promotes atherosclerosis.
Nature Medicine. April 7, 2013
PMID: 23563705
http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nm.3145.html
- Backhed F.
Meat-metabolizing bacteria in atherosclerosis.
Nat Med 2013 May; 19:533
PMID: 23652100
- Wikipedia: Carnitine
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnitine
- DiNicolantonio JJ et al
L-Carnitine in the Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular
Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Mayo Clin Proc 2013
PMID: 23597877
http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/webfiles/images/journals/jmcp/jmcp_ft88_4_2.pdf
Component-of
alpha tocopherol/carnitine/coenzyme/ubiquinone