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cardioembolism
Etiology:
1) high risk sources
- mechanical heart valve
- mitral stenosis with atrial fibrillation
- atrial fibrillation (other than lone atrial fibrillation)
- left auricle (left atrial appendage) thrombus
- sick sinus syndrome
- recent mycardial infarction (< 4 weeks)
- left atrial thrombus
- dilated cardiomyopathy
- akinetic left ventricular segment
- atrial myxoma
- infection endocarditis
2) other sources
- mitral valve prolapse
- mitral annulus calcification
- mitral stenosis without atrial fibrillation
- left atrial turbulence
- atrial septal aneurysm
- patent foramen ovale
- ventricular septal defect
- atrial flutter
- lone atrial fibrillation
- bioprosthetic cardiac valve
- non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis
- heart failure
- hypokinetic left ventricular segment
- myocardial infarction (> 4 weeks, < 6 months)
General
embolism
References
- Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 15, 18.
American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2009, 2018.