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weight loss diet

Diets advertised to aid in weight reduction. Management: - weight reduction correlates more with diet adherence rather than diet type. [4,5,7,8] - no specific macronutrient content superior to all others in achieving weight loss [7,14,23] - no benefit to matching diet type (low fat vs low carbohydrate) to genotype (3 SNPs associated with fat & carbohydrate metabolism) [22] - healthy foods in sensible combinations [15] - high-protein, low glycemic-index diet appears to be best for prevention of weight regain [9] - a low-carbohydrate diet might be more effective for both weight loss & for improving several metabolic parameters, even if high in fat content [10] - low total-fat intake is associated with lower weight, BMI, & waist circumference [12] - low fat diet may lead to greater loss of body fat than a low carbohydrate diet [17] - little difference in weight loss between low-fat diet & low-carbohydrate diet [14,18] - 1.15 kg greater long-term weight loss with higher-fat diets than low fat diet [18] - olive oil-rich Mediterranean diet better than low fat diet for weight reduction & reduction in waist circumference [20,21] - weight gain associated with potatoes, sugar-sweetened beverages & meat [11] - weight reduction associated with vegetables, whole grains, fruits, nuts, yogurt [11] - no specific diet has proven superior to others in achieving long-term weight loss [13] - Atkins, South Beach, Zone, or Weight Watchers diets result in similar weight loss [15] - every other day fasting no better than daily calorie restriction [19] Notes: - among commercial weight reduction programs including Weight Watchers, Jenny Craig, Nutrisystem, Health Management Resources (HMR), Medifast, OPTIFAST, Atkins, The Biggest Loser Club, eDiets, Lose It!, & SlimFast, only Jenny Craig & Weight Atchers able to achieve modest weight loss at 1 year (4.9% with Jenny Craig, 2.6% with Weight Watchers) relative to control group [16]

Specific

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet low carbohydrate diet; ketogenic diet (Atkin's diet, Eco-Atkin's diet) Mediterranean diet reversal diet (Ornish diet) very low-calorie diet (VLCD) volumetrics diet; dietary volumetrics weight watchers diet Zone diet

General

diet

References

  1. Prescriber's Letter 10(6):32 2003
  2. Prescriber's Letter 11(1):4 2004 Detail-Document#: 200110 (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
  3. Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2005 Jan 5;293(1):43-53. PMID: 15632335
  4. Journal Watch 25(3):26, 2005 Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2005 Jan 5;293(1):43-53. PMID: 15632335
  5. Truby H, Baic S, deLooy A, Fox KR, Livingstone MB, Logan CM, Macdonald IA, Morgan LM, Taylor MA, Millward DJ. Randomised controlled trial of four commercial weight loss programmes in the UK: initial findings from the BBC diet trials. BMJ. 2006 Jun 3;332(7553):1309-14. Epub 2006 May 23. Erratum in: BMJ. 2006 Jun 17;332(7555):1418. PMID: 16720619
  6. Gardnes CD et al, Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and Learn diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women. The A TO Z weight loss study. A randomized trial. JAMA 2007, 297:969 PMID: 17341711
  7. Sacks FM et al. Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N Engl J Med 2009 Feb 26; 360:859. PMID: 19246357 - Katan MB. Weight-loss diets for the prevention and treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med 2009 Feb 26; 360:923. PMID: 19246365
  8. Foster GD et al. Weight and metabolic outcomes after 2 years on a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet: A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2010 Aug 3; 153:147. PMID: 20679559
  9. Larsen TM et al Diets with High or Low Protein Content and Glycemic Index for Weight-Loss Maintenance N Engl J Med 2010; 363:2102-2113November 25, 2010 PMID: 21105792 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1007137 - Ludwig DS and Ebbeling CB Weight-Loss Maintenance - Mind over Matter? N Engl J Med 2010; 363:2159-2161November 25, 2010 PMID: 21105799 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1011361
  10. Ebbeling CB et al. Effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance. JAMA 2012 Jun 27; 307:2627 PMID: 22735432
  11. Mozaffarian D et al Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men N Engl J Med 2011; 364:2392-2404 PMID: 21696306 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1014296
  12. Hooper L et al. Effect of reducing total fat intake on body weight: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies. BMJ 2012 Dec 6; 345:e7666 PMID: 23220130
  13. Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 16 American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2012
  14. Johnston BC et al Comparison of Weight Loss Among Named Diet Programs in Overweight and Obese AdultsA Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2014;312(9):923-933. PMID: 25182101 http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1900510 - Van Horn L A Diet by Any Other Name Is Still About Energy. JAMA. 2014;312(9):900-901 PMID: 25182098 http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1900489
  15. Husten L, Fairchild DG, Di Francesco L Popular Diets Achieve Only Modest Long-Term Weight Loss. Physician's First Watch, Nov 12, 2014 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org - Atallah R et al Long-Term Effects of 4 Popular Diets on Weight Loss and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. Nov 12, 2014 PMID: 25387778 http://circoutcomes.ahajournals.org/content/early/2014/11/11/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000723.full.pdf+html
  16. Gudzune KA et al Efficacy of Commercial Weight-Loss Programs: An Updated Systematic Review. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(7):501-512. PMID: 25844997 http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2214178 - Wee CC The Role of Commercial Weight-Loss Programs. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(7):522-523 PMID: 25845000 http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2214183
  17. Hall KD et al Calorie for Calorie, Dietary Fat Restriction Results in More Body Fat Loss than Carbohydrate Restriction in People with Obesity. Cell Metabolism 22, 1-10. Sept 1, 2015 PMID: 26278052 http://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/pdf/S1550-4131%2815%2900350-2.pdf - NIH News and Release. Thursday, August 13, 2015 NIH study finds cutting dietary fat reduces body fat more than cutting carbs. http://www.nih.gov/news/health/aug2015/niddk-13.htm
  18. Tobias DK et al Effect of low-fat diet interventions versus other diet interventions on long-term weight change in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. Oct 29, 2015 PMID: 26527511 http://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587%2815%2900367-8/abstract
  19. Trepanowski JF, Kroeger CM, Barnosky A et al Effect of Alternate-Day Fasting on Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and Cardioprotection Among Metabolically Healthy Obese Adults. A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. Published online May 1, 2017. PMID: 28459931 http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2623528
  20. Shai I et al. for the Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT) Group. Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. N Engl J Med 2008 Jul 17; 359:229. PMID: 18635428 http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/359/3/229
  21. Estruch R, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Corella D et al Effect of a high-fat Mediterranean diet on bodyweight and waist circumference: a prespecified secondary outcomes analysis of the PREDIMED randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. June 6, 2016 PMID: 27283479 http://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587%2816%2930085-7/abstract - Mozaffarian D. Food and weight gain: time to end our fear of fat. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. June 6, 2016 PMID: 27283481 http://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587%2816%2930106-1/abstract
  22. Gardner CD, Trepanowski JF, Del Gobbo LC et al Effect of Low-Fat vs Low-Carbohydrate Diet on 12-Month Weight Loss in Overweight Adults and the Association With Genotype Pattern or Insulin SecretionThe DIETFITS Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2018;319(7):667-679 PMID: 29466592 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2673150
  23. Naude CE, Brand A, Schoonees A, Nguyen KA, Chaplin M, Volmink J. Low-carbohydrate versus balanced-carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Jan 28;1(1):CD013334. PMID: 35088407 PMCID: PMC8795871 Free PMC article. Review.