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vegetarian diet

A diet consisting of foods only of vegetable origin, excluding meat or foods of animal origin. Notes: - lowers risk of diverticular disease ~30% [2] - lowers all-cause mortality [3] a) benefit greater in men b) pescovegetarian diet marginally better than vegan diet - diminished bowel transit time with increased frequency of bowel movements [2] - may reduce risk of gastrointestinal cancer [13] - gastric cancer (RR=0.41) more so than colorectal cancer (RR=0.85) [13] - reduced risk of colorectal cancer (RR=0.78) [4] - pescovegetarians with lowest risk (RR=0.57) - more so in men than women - more so in Asian & North American than European - no risk reduction for esophageal cancer [5] - equally beneficial vs Mediterranean diet in reducing weight & improving cardiovascular risk profiles [5] - a vegetarian diet may improve cardiometabolic outcomes beyond standard pharmacological therapy in individuals at high cardiovascular risk [12] - potential protective & synergistic effects of vegetarian diet for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease [12] - a vegetarian diet reduces cardiometabolic risk factors & cardioavascular mortality [14] - reduces HgbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes (0.3%) [6] - reduces cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes [6] - low carbohydrate diets high in plant protein or fat associated with decreased mortality [7] - lowers risk of ischemic heart disease (RR=0.78) - kowers LDL cholesterol 11% [9] - effects on risk of stroke conflicting - increases risk for stroke (RR=1.2) & hemorrhagic stroke (RR=1.4) vs meat eaters [8] - pescovegetarian does not increase risk of stroke [8] - reduces risk of stroke (total, ischemic, & hemorrhagic) vs non-vegetarian diet in Buddhists [9] - cohort one: 0 1.16 vs 1.99 per 1000 person-years - cohort two: 0.95 vs. 1.88 per 1000 person-years) [9] - a vegetarian lifestyle is associated with ~ twice as many depressive episodes as those who eat meat in Brazil [11] - the depressive episodes are not caused by nutrition but possibly by several factors, including the vegetarian social experience [11] - depression itself may increase the likelihood of becoming vegetarian - vegetarian diet & depression may be associated with guilt via factors involving the meat industry [11] - a vegetarian diet may affect relationships with others, involvement in social activities, & social ostracism - vegetarians account for 0.5% of Brazil's population [11]

Related

pescovegetarian diet

General

healthy diet

References

  1. Stedman's Medical Dictionary 27th ed, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1999.
  2. Crowe FL et al Diet and risk of diverticular disease in Oxford cohort of European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): prospective study of British vegetarians and non-vegetarians BMJ 2011; 343:d4131 PMID: 21771850 http://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d4131.full - Humes DJ and West J Diet and risk of diverticular disease BMJ 2011; 343:d4115 PMID: 21771832 http://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d4115.extract
  3. Orlich MJ et al Vegetarian Dietary Patterns and Mortality in Adventist Health Study 2. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;():1-8. PMID: 23836264 http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1691919 - Baron RB Should We All Be Vegetarians? Comment on "Vegetarian Dietary Patterns and Mortality in Adventist Health Study 2" JAMA Intern Med. 2013;():1-2. PMID: 23836265 http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1691926
  4. Orlich MJ et al Vegetarian Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Colorectal Cancers. JAMA Intern Med. Published online March 09, 2015 PMID: 25751512 http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2174939
  5. Busko M Vegetarian or Mediterranean? Both Diets Improve Weight, Lipids. Medscape. Feb 27, 2018 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/893184 - Sofi F, Dinu M, Pagliai G. Low-Calorie Vegetarian Versus Mediterranean Diets for Reducing Body Weight and Improving Cardiovascular Risk Profile: CARDIVEG Study (Cardiovascular Prevention With Vegetarian Diet). Circulation. February 26, 2018 PMID: 29483085 http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2018/02/14/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030088
  6. Frellick M Vegetarian Diet Improves HbA1c, Reduces CV Risk in Diabetes. Medscape - Jul 06, 2018 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/898976 - Viguiliouk E, Kendall CW, Kahleova H et al Effect of vegetarian dietary patterns on cardiometabolic risk factors in diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Nutriion. June 13, 2018 PMID: 29960809 https://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(18)30220-6/fulltext
  7. Seidelmann SB, Claggett B, Cheng S et al Dietary carbohydrate intake and mortality: a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health. Aug 16, 2018 PMID: 30122560 Free full text https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(18)30135-X/fulltext
  8. Tong TYN, Appleby PN, Bradbury KE et al Risks of ischaemic heart disease and stroke in meat eaters, fish eaters, and vegetarians over 18 years of follow-up: results from the prospective EPIC-Oxford study. BMJ 2019;366:l4897 PMID: 31484644 https://www.bmj.com/content/366/bmj.l4897 - Lawrence MA, McNaughton SA Vegetarian diets and health. BMJ 2019;366:l5272 PMID: 31484646 https://www.bmj.com/content/366/bmj.l5272
  9. Chiu THT, Chang HR, Wang LY et al Vegetarian diet and incidence of total, ischemic, and hemorrhagic stroke in 2 cohorts in Taiwan. Neurology. Feb 26, 2020 PMID: 32102976 https://n.neurology.org/content/early/2020/02/26/WNL.0000000000009093 - Spence JD, Tangney C Lower risk of stroke with a vegetarian diet. Neurology. Feb 26, 2020 PMID: 32102978 https://n.neurology.org/content/early/2020/02/26/WNL.0000000000009092
  10. Mariotti F, Gardner CD Dietary Protein and Amino Acids in Vegetarian Diets-A Review. Nutrients. 2019 Nov 4;11(11):2661. doi: 10.3390/nu11112661. PMID: 31690027 PMCID: PMC6893534 Free PMC article
  11. Medscape staff Vegetarians Suffer More Depression Than Meat Eaters. Medscape. Dec 27, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/986196
  12. Wang T, Kroeger CM, Cassidy S, et al. Vegetarian Dietary Patterns and Cardiometabolic Risk in People With or at High Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Jul 3;6(7):e2325658 PMID: 37490288 PMCID: PMC10369207 Free PMC article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2807597
  13. Bai T, Peng J, Zhu X, Wu C Vegetarian diets and the risk of gastrointestinal cancers: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 Nov 1;35(11):1244-1252 PMID: 37724454 PMCID: PMC10538608 Free PMC article
  14. Landry MJ, Senkus KE, Mangels AR et al Vegetarian dietary patterns and cardiovascular risk factors and disease prevention: An umbrella review of systematic reviews. Am J Prev Cardiol. 2024 Sep 28;20:100868. PMID: 39430429 PMCID: PMC11489049 Free PMC article. Review.