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Etiology: - consider self-injurious behavior [4] Adverse effects: - Mycobacterium chelonae infections have been linked to premixed tattoo ink [2] - contact dermatitis* [3] - 21% increase in malignant lymphoma [5] * all tattoo inks, especially red ones, may contain iron, mercury, cadmium, lead, cobalt, nickel * Bepanthol (dexpanthenol, precursor of vitamin B5) used as a contactant may also cause contact dermatitis [3] Notes: Tattoos in adolescents are a marker for other risky behaviors 1) sexual intercourse in last year 83% vs 36% 2) drinking binge 78% vs 46% 3) tobacco 63% vs 26% 4) marijuana in last month 38% vs 12% 5) gang member 14% vs 4% 6) serious fight 54% vs 32% 7) D or F grade on report card 52% vs 29% Also more likely to come from: 1) single parents 2) lower family income

Specific

graphene bioimpedance tattoo; graphene electronic tattoo

General

hyperpigmentation

References

  1. Journal Watch 23(3):27, 2003 Roberts TA & Ryan SA Pediatrics 110:1058, 2002
  2. Physician's First Watch, Aug 27 2012 Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org - Kennedy BS et al Outbreak of Mycobacterium chelonae Infection Associated with Tattoo Ink N Engl J Med, August 22, 2012 PMID: 22913660 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1205114 - LeBlanc PM and Hollinger KA Tattoo Ink-Related Infections - Awareness, Diagnosis, Reporting, and Prevention N Engl J Med, August 22, 2012 PMID: 22913662 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1206063 - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Tattoo-Associated Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Skin Infections - Multiple States, 2011-2012 MMWR. August 24, 2012 / 61(33);653-656 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6133a3.htm
  3. Avino C What is the diagnosis and cause of this tattoo rash? Medscape Consult. Aug 26, 2016 http://www.medscape.com/consult/post?id=7543
  4. Breuner CC, Levine DA, THE COMMITTEE ON ADOLESCENCE Adolescent and Young Adult Tattooing, Piercing, and Scarification. Pediatrics. September 2017 PMID: 28924063 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2017/09/14/peds.2017-1962
  5. Bassett M Tattoos May Be a Risk Factor for Lymphoma. Swedish study showed a 21% higher risk for lymphoma in those with tattoos. MedPage Today May 28, 2024 https://www.medpagetoday.com/hematologyoncology/lymphoma/110349 - Nielsen C et al Tattoos as a risk factor for malignant lymphoma: a population-based case- control study eClinical Medicine. 2024. May 21:72:102649 PMID: 38827888 PMCID: PMC11141277 Free PMD Article https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(24)00228-1/fulltext
  6. Keaney T, Friedmann DP, Mishra V. Tattoo Skin Reactions: Allergies and Infections. Medscape. Sept 26, 2024 https://reference.medscape.com/slideshow/tattoo-skin-reactions-6006290