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staging of esophageal cancer
Procedure:
- computed tomography (CT) & PET scan with endoscopic ultrasonography [2]
- laparoscopy
- video-assisted thoracoscopy [2]
Staging:
Primary Tumor (T)
- Tis - non invasive, carcinoma in situ
- T1 - tumor invades lamina propria or submucosa
- T2 - tumor invades muscularis propria
- T3 - tumor invades adventitia
- T4 - tumor invades adjacent structures
Regional lymph nodes (N)
- NX - regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
- N0 - no regional nodal metastases
- N1 - regional nodal metastases
- N2 - bilateral, mobile regional nodal metastases
- N3 - fixed nodes
Distant metastases (M)
- M0 - no distant metastases
- M1 - distant metastases including cervical or celiac nodes
Stage T N M
Stage 1 T1 N0 M0
Stage 2 T2 N0 or NX MO
Stage 2a T2-3 N0 M0
Stage 2b T1-2 N1 M0
Stage 3 T3 any N MO
- T4 any N M0
Stage 4 any T any N M1
Related
esophageal cancer
General
staging of cancer
References
- Bonin et al, Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach,
Chapter 5, 1999
- Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 16
American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2012