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staging of bladder cancer

Staging of bladder cancer: TNM* JSM* tumor involvement CIS* - does not invade mucosa Ta O invades mucosa T1 A invades submucosa T2 B1 invades muscularis T3a B2 extends over entire muscularis T3b C extends into perivesicle fat T4a D1 extends into prostate T4b D1 extends into uterus or vagina TxN+MO- D1 positive nodes below bifurcation of aorta TxN+M+ D2 bone or soft tissue involvement * CIS: carcinoma in-situ TNM: tumor, node metastases JSM: Jewett-Strong-Marshall

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bladder cancer

General

staging of cancer

References

  1. Saunders Manual of Medical Practice, Rakel (ed), WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1996, pg 563-65
  2. Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998
  3. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th ed. Fauci et al (eds), McGraw-Hill Inc. NY, 1998, pg 521, 592-93