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low sodium diet; Na+ restriction
Restriction in Na+ intake, often in association with fluid restrictions. (also see dietary sodium)
Indications:
1) renal failure
2) hypervolemia
3) congestive heart failure
Contraindications:
- low sodium diet may (< 3 g Na+ excretion/day) may be associated with increased cardiovascular risk (RR=1.3) in both hypertensive & normotensive individuals [3]
- AHA critical of study [3]
Clinical manifestations:
- difficulty walking up two or three flights of stairs alone [4]
Complications:
- hyponatremia
- increased risk of falls in the elderly [4]
Notes:
- no benefit of Na+ restriction even in patients with heart failure [1]
- benefits of Na+ restriction in patients with heart failure may be unknown [2]
Related
dietary sodium; dietary Na+; dietary salt
fluid (water) restriction
General
diet
References
- Taylor RS et al
Reduced Dietary Salt for the Prevention of Cardiovascular
Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
(Cochrane Review)
Am J Hypertens advance online publication, July 6, 2011
PMID: 21731062
http://www.nature.com/ajh/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/ajh2011115a.html
http://www.nature.com/ajh/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ajh2011115a.html
Alderman MH
The Cochrane Review of Sodium and Health
Am J Hypertens advance online publication, July 6, 2011
PMID: 21731063
http://www.nature.com/ajh/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ajh2011117a.html
- Doukky R et al.
Impact of dietary sodium restriction on heart failure outcomes.
JACC Heart Fail 2016 Jan; 4:24
PMID: 26738949
- Hummel SL, Konerman MC.
Dietary sodium restriction in heart failure: A recommendation
worth its salt?
JACC Heart Fail 2016 Jan; 4:36
PMID: 26738950
- Yancy CW.
The uncertainty of sodium restriction in heart failure:
We can do better than this.
JACC Heart Fail 2016 Jan; 4:39.
PMID: 26738951
- Mente A et al
Associations of urinary sodium excretion with cardiovascular
events in individuals with and without hypertension: a pooled
analysis of data from four studies.
Lancet. May 20, 2016
PMID: 27216139
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2816%2930467-6/abstract
- O'Brien E
Salt - too much or too little?
Lancet. May 20, 2016
PMID: 27216140
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2816%2930510-4/abstract
- American Heart Association strongly refutes study findings on
sodium consumption. American Heart Association Comment.
DALLAS, May 20, 2016
http://newsroom.heart.org/_c/573f94682cfac250e4422568/
- Lin YC, Yan HT
Impact of dietary sodium restriction on falls among middle-aged and older adults:
Results of an 8-year longitudinal study.
Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2023 Sep 17.
PMID: 37718504
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ggi.14669