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semaglutide (Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy)

Indications: - treatment of diabetes mellitus type-2 (Ozempic FDA-approved Dec 2017) [3] - add on to metformin [4] - 2.4 mg/week subcutaneous dose FDA-approved for weight reduction [15,20] - Wegovy FDA-approved, age >= 12 years [20] - hypoglycemic agent of choice (if not insulin) in patients with CKD4 - benefits obese patients with HFpEF [26] - benefits obese patients with HFpEF & diabetes mellitus type-2 [36] - benefits obese patients with HFrEF [47] - secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease - reduces cardiovascular events in overweight or obese patients with cardiovascular disease (heart attack, stroke) but without diabetes mellitus (6.5% vs 8.0% over 40 months) [28] (FDA-approved [34]) - regardless of Hgb A1c [42] - reduces Hgb A1c at 20 months [43] - reduces second major cardiovascular event after myocardial infarction in obese patients without diabetes mellitus [33] - in obese patients with HFpEF, semaglutide 2.4 mg improves symptoms, physical limitations, & exercise, NYHA functional class & reduces inflammation & body weight across LVEF [29,31,37,40] - reduces risk of renal complications & cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes & chronic kidney disease [38] - reduces the risk of cardiovascular events (death, myocardial infarction, stroke) regardless of baseline chronic kidney disease severity in patients with type 2 diabetes [51] - 2.4 mg dose of semaglutide reduces mortality from infectious disease, including Covid-19 [46] - semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly reduces all-cause hospital admissions [52] - semaglutide reduces pain, improves physical function in patients with obesity & knee osteoarthritis [50] - may reduce risk of Alzheimer's disease (RR=0.3-0.6) [49] * semaglutide improves HgbA1c more than canagliflozin 1.5 vs 1.0% [8] - semaglutide also associated with more weight reduction (5.3 vs 4.2 kg) - may be useful as an adjunct to diet & exercise for weight reduction in non-diabetic overweight or obese adults [11] & adolescents [18] - in conjunction with an intensive dietary-behavioral intervention, semaglutide more than doubles weight reduction [12] - continuing weekly semaglutide after 20 weeks in young obese adults results in continued weight reduction vs weight gain if discontinued [14,48] - 2.4 mg SC weekly normalizes glycemic control in most obese patients with prediabetes [17] * may increase likelihood of NASH (stage F2 or F3 fibrosis) resolution, but does not inmprove fibrosis stage [10] Contraindications: - pancreatitis - history of pancreatitis is relative contraindication - family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or patients with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia-2 (MEN2) [22] - gastroparesis [23] - does not reduce hospitalization due to heart failure [21] Dosage: - 0.25 mg SC once weekly for 4 weeks, then increase to 0.5 mg once weekly - if glycemic control is not achieved after at least 4 weeks on 0.5-mg dose, the dose may be increased to 1 mg once weekly - investigational 2.4-mg dose weekly induces weight reduction of 10% of body weight in patients with type-2 diabetes [13] - oral semaglutide (Rybelsus) 7 mg & 14 mg (FDA-approved Sept 2019) [6,9] - doses as high as 50 mg safe & effective [24] Dosage adjustment with renal failure: - no adjustment needed for once weekly injection Adverse effects: - increased incidence of diabetic retinopathy complications, including blindness [1,22] - increased risk of non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) [39] - gastrointestinal distress, nausea (44%) [25], gastroparesis [25] - pancreatitis [27] - ileus [27] - may increase likelihood of neoplasms (no organ-specific pattern identified) [10] - increased risk of suicidal ideation ? - semaglutide is not associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation [30] - a WHO database found a suggestion of semaglutide-associated suicidal ideation*, which warrants urgent clarification [44] * not such association was found with liraglutide [44] Mechanism of action: - glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist [1] - may reduce cardiovascular events (mostly stroke) in type 2 diabetics with increased cardiovascular risk in industry-conducted trial [1] - may be beneficial for weight reduction; 3 kg vs placebo [2] - may reduce incidence of diabetic nephropathy - may reduce HgbA1c [1]; 1.55% vs placebo [2] Clinical trials: - 6 months, almost all participants achieved 5% weight loss, 1/2 lost >10%, & a 1/4 lost >15% of their body weight [16] - STEP 1 & STEP 4 trials: [14,48] - 1 year after withdrawal of once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg & lifestyle intervention, participants regained 2/3 of their prior weight loss, with similar changes in cardiometabolic measures [48] Notes: - tirzepatide is most effective GLP-1 agonist for both glycemic control & weight loss - semaglutide is second most effective GLP-1 agonist for both indications - weight reductions in obese adults > with tirzepatide vs semaglutide (15% vs 8% at 12 months) [41] - may diminish HgbA1c as add on to metformin > dulaglutide by 0.4% [4] - may diminish HgbA1c as add on to metformin > sitagliptin by 0.3-0.5% [5] - oral semaglutide compares favorably with subcutaneous liraglutide for glycemic control & weight reduction [7] - Medicare will cover semaglutide (Wegovy) under Part D for overweight or obese patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease to prevent heart attack or stroke [35] - this could lead to unmanageable costs [45] - cost $10,000 annually (2019) - cost for Wegovy (weight loss) is $1349 for 4 weekly injections [19] - Novo Nordisk has not announced pricing on oral semiglutide

Interactions

drug adverse effects of hypoglycemic agents

General

glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist; incretin mimetic; GLP-1 mimetic; GLP-1 agonist; glutide; GLP-1RA

Database Correlations

PUBCHEM cid=56843331

References

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  2. Sorli S, Harashima SI, Tsoukas GM et al Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide monotherapy versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 1): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multinational, multicentre phase 3a trial. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. Jan 16, 2017 PMID: 28110911 http://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(17)30013-X/fulltext - Scheen AJ Semaglutide: a promising new glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. Jan 16, 2017 PMID: 28110912 http://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(17)30012-8/fulltext (industry-funded study) - Novo Nordisk News Release. Dec. 5, 2016 Novo Nordisk Files for Regulatory Approval of Once-Weekly Semaglutide with the FDA for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. http://press.novonordisk-us.com/2016-12-05-Novo-Nordisk-Files-for-Regulatory-Approval-of-Once-Weekly-Semaglutide-with-the-FDA-for-the-Treatment-of-Type-2-Diabetes
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