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secondary hypertension
Etiology:
- kidney disease
- chronic renal failure, (90% of patients with ESRD)
- renal artery stenosis
- adrenal gland disease
- primary hyperaldosteronism
- pheochromocytoma
- obstructive sleep apnea [2,3,4]
- pharmaceutical agents
a) oral contraceptives
b) NSAIDs
c) calcineurin inhibitors
d) sympathomimetics
e) Epogen
f) SSRI & SNRI
g) HAART
h) VEGF inhibitors
- bevacizumib
i) glucocorticoids
j) caffeine
- foods & beverages
- black licorice
- alcoholic beverage
Laboratory:
- indications for laboratory testing [1]
a) young age
b) no family history
c) no risk factors
d) rapid onset of hypertension
e) endocrine disease
Management:
- see resistant hypertension or specific etiology
General
hypertension (HTN, high blood pressure, HBP)
References
- Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 15, 16. 18.
American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2009, 2012, 2018.
- Moser M, Setaro JF.
Clinical practice. Resistant or difficult-to-control
hypertension.
N Engl J Med 2006 Jul 28; 355:385.
PMID: 16870917
- Myat A et al.
Resistant hypertension.
BMJ 2012 Nov 22; 345:e7473.
PMID: 23169802
- Calhoun DA et al.
Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment.
A scientific statement from the American Heart Association
Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood
Pressure Research.
Hypertension 2008 Apr 9; 51:1403.
PMID: 18391085
- Aronow WS.
Drug-induced causes of secondary hypertension.
Ann Transl Med. 2017;5(17):349
PMID: 28936443 PMCID: PMC5599270 Free PMC article
https://atm.amegroups.com/article/view/15358/16263
- Foy MC, Vaishnav J, Sperati CJ.
Drug-induced hypertension.
Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2019;48(4):859-873
PMID: 31655781
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0889852919300672