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Rhinovirus
Also see common cold
Epidemiology:
- rhinovirus most transmitted through direct contact or via aerosol particles
- the primary site of inoculation is the nasal mucosa,
- conjunctiva may be involved to a lesser extent
- contagious behavior includes nose blowing, sneezing, & physically transferring infected secretions onto environmental surfaces or paper tissue
- kissing, talking, coughing do not contribute to rhinovirus transmission
- exposure to cold weather, getting wet, or becoming chilled do not cause rhinovirus infection
- large inoculum(s) to nasal mucosa are necessary for rhinovirus infection, thus transmission generally requires long-term contact with infected person(s)
- children who attend school are the most common reservoirs of rhinovirus
- viral shedding
- can occur prior to symptoms
- lasts, on average, 10-14 days
- prolonged viral shredding is known to occur
- may not be associated with respiratory symptoms
- adults average 2-3 colds/year [2]
Pathology:
- major group rhinovirus receptor: ICAM-1 (CD54)
- etiology of upper respiratory tract infection, viral pneumonia
- few cells are generally infected by rhinovirus, & infection involves only a small portion of the epithelium [2]
Clinical manifestations:
- symptoms develop 1-2 days inoculation, & oeak after 2-4 days
- nasal dryness or irritation may be the first symptom
- nasal congestion
- nasal secretions become thicker & colored after 2-3 days
- postnasal drip, pharnngitis
- sneezing
- sinusitis [2]
Laboratory:
- rhinovirus antigen
- rhinovirus RNA (test of choice) [2]
Radiology:
- CT of sinus
- 85% abnormal
- viral sinusitis indistinguishable from bacterial sinusitis [2]
Complications:
- otitis media
- sinusitis
- chronic bronchitis
- asthma exacerbation [2]
Management:
- rest, hydration
- antihistamine/decongestant combinations may improve symptoms
- zinc > 75 mg elemental zinc/day may benefit adults but not children [2]
Related
common cold; acute nasopharyngitis; viral rhinosinusitis
intercellular adhesion molecule 1; ICAM-1; major group rhinovirus receptor; CD54 (ICAM1)
General
enterovirus
Properties
KINGDOM: virus
GENOME-TYPE: RNA
SINGLE-STRANDED
POSITIVE-STRAND
GENOME-SIZE: 7.2-8.4 kB
ENVELOPE: NONE
CAPSID-SYMMETRY: ICOSAHEDRAL
References
- Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed.
Isselbacher et al (eds), McGraw-Hill Inc. NY,
1994, pg 769
- Buensalido JAL, Brusch JL
Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold)
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/227820-overview