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red meat

Pathology: - eating red meat (any amount, any type, beef, pork, lamb cited) may increase risk of premature death [1,2] - processed red meat increases the risk of death further - estimates of mortality hazzard ratio: 1.07-1.2 [1,2] - red meat consumption (including pork) associated with higher mortality than consumption of white meat (chicken, fish) [9] - L-carnitine, abundant is red meat, is converted by gut bacteria to trimethylamine-N-oxide which is found in plasma of people who eat red meat, but not in vegans - plasma levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide correlate with risk of cardiovascular disease [3,20] - increases in red meat consumption among adults associated with increased all-cause mortality & cardiovascular mortality [14,17] - absolute risk increase < 2% [14] - once weekly red meat consumption unlikely to contribute to cardiovascular risk [18] - substituting red meat with plant protein may reduce cardiovascular risk [17] - decreases associated with decreased mortality risk [12] - in men, less red meat is associated with lower cardiovascular risk [15] - processed red meat is associated with increased risk for colorectal cancer & gastric cancer [7] - increased risk for gastric cancer (RR-1.1) [19] - red meat is probably carcinogenic but epidemiological data is not as strong as for processed red meat [7] - red meat is associated with an increased risk for - colorectal cancer - pancreatic cancer - prostate cancer [7] - association of red meat with colorectal cancer is weak with no clear dose-response pattern [6] - increases in red meat consumption linked to risk of diabetes mellitus type 2 [23] - red meat & processed meat consumption increase risk of type 2 diabetes [23] - 2 servings of red meat per week increases risk [21] - magnitidue of risk increases with greater red meat consumption - risk may be associated with saturated fat consumption [4] - red meat & processed meat consumption may increase risk of insulin resistance & steatosis [10] - higher red meat intake in early adulthood may be a risk factor for breast cancer [5] - a combination of legumes, poultry, nuts & fish may reduce the risk of breast cancer [5] - 25 g of processed-meat daily (2 strips of bacon) associated with increased risk of dementia over 8 years, independent of the APOE-4 status [16] - substituting processed red meat with plant protein reduces mortality [8] - red meat allergies caused by tick bites a common cause of anaphylaxis (see tick-related allergy & alpha-gal syndrome) [11] - a decrease of 3 servings per week of red meat associated with very small absolute risk reduction cardiovascular events, cancer incidence, & mortality based on 5 systematic reviews ranked as weak & based on low certainty evidence [13] - processed red meat may be associated with a small increase in risk of dementia (RR=1.14) [22]

Specific

hamburger

General

meat

References

  1. All red meat is bad for you, new study says Los Angeles Times, March 12, 2012 http://www.latimes.com/health/la-he-red-meat-20120313,0,565423.story
  2. Pan A et al Red Meat Consumption and Mortality Results From 2 Prospective Cohort Studies Arch Intern Med. March 12, 2012. PMID: 22412075
  3. Koeth RA et al Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nature Medicine. April 7, 2013 PMID: 23563705 http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nm.3145.html - Backhed F. Meat-metabolizing bacteria in atherosclerosis. Nat Med 2013 May; 19:533 PMID: 23652100
  4. Pan A et al Changes in Red Meat Consumption and Subsequent Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Three Cohorts of US Men and Women. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;():1-8. June 17, 2013 PMID: 23779232 http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1697785 - Evans WJ Oxygen-Carrying Proteins in Meat and Risk of Diabetes Mellitus. Comment on "Changes in Red Meat Consumption and Subsequent Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Three Cohorts of US Men and Women" JAMA Intern Med. 2013;():1-2. June 17, 2013 PMID: 23778318 http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1697792
  5. Farvid MS et al Dietary protein sources in early adulthood and breast cancer incidence: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2014;348:g3437 PMID: 24916719 http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g3437
  6. Alexander DD, Weed DL, Miller PE, Mohamed MA. Red meat and colorectal cancer: a quantitative update on the state of the epidemiologic science. J Am Coll Nutr. 2015:1-23. PMID: 25941850
  7. World Health Organization (WHO) International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) IARC Monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat. Press Release No 240. Oct 26, 2015 http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2015/pdfs/pr240_E.pdf - Bouvard V, Loomis D, Guyton KZ et al Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat. The Lancet Oncology. Oct 26, 2015 http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045%2815%2900444-1/fulltext
  8. Song M, Fung TT, Hu FB et al Association of Animal and Plant Protein Intake With All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality. JAMA Intern Med. Aug 1, 2016 PMID: 27479196
  9. Etemadi A, Sinha R, Ward MH et al Mortality from different causes associated with meat, heme iron, nitrates, and nitrites in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study: population based cohort study. BMJ 2017;357:j1957 PMID: 28487287 http://www.bmj.com/content/357/bmj.j1957 - Potter JD Red and processed meat, and human and planetary health. BMJ 2017;357:j2190 PMID: 28487278 http://www.bmj.com/content/357/bmj.j2190
  10. Zelber-Sagi S, Ivancovsky-Wajcman D, Fliss Isakov N, et al. High red and processed meat consumption is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance. J Hepatol 2018 Mar 15; PMID: 29571924 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168827818300588
  11. Pattanaik D, Lieberman P, Lieberman J et al The changing face of anaphylaxis in adults and adolescents. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. 2018 PMID: 30071303 https://www.annallergy.org/article/S1081-1206(18)30580-5/fulltext
  12. Zheng Y, Li Y, Satija A et al Association of changes in red meat consumption with total and cause specific mortality among US women and men: two prospective cohort studies. BMJ 2019;365:l2110 PMID: 31189526 Free PMC Article https://www.bmj.com/content/365/bmj.l2110
  13. Johnston BC, Zeraatkar D, Han MA et al Unprocessed Red Meat and Processed Meat Consumption: Dietary Guideline Recommendations From the Nutritional Recommendations (NutriRECS) Consortium. Ann Intern Med. 2019. Oct 1. PMID: 31569235 https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2752328/unprocessed-red-meat-processed-meat-consumption-dietary-guideline-recommendations-from - Carroll AE, Doherty TS Meat Consumption and Health: Food for Thought. Ann Intern Med. 2019. Oct 1. PMID: 31569212 https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2752329/meat-consumption-health-food-thought
  14. Zhong VW, Van Horn L, Greenland P et al Associations of Processed Meat, Unprocessed Red Meat, Poultry, or Fish Intake With Incident Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality. JAMA Intern Med. Published online February 3, 2020. PMID: 32011623 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2759737
  15. Al-Shaar L, Satija A, Wang DD et al. Red meat intake and risk of coronary heart disease among US men: Prospective cohort study. BMJ 2020 Dec 2; 371:m4141 PMID: 33268459 Free article. https://www.bmj.com/content/371/bmj.m4141
  16. Zhang H, Greenwood DC, Risch HA et al Meat consumption and risk of incident dementia: cohort study of 493,888 UK Biobank participants. Am J Clin Nutr 2021. March 22 PMID: 33748832 https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/ajcn/nqab028/6178922
  17. Splete H Red Meat Intake Tied to Higher Coronary Heart Disease Risk. Medscape - Jun 10, 2021. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/9529011
  18. Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 19 American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2022
  19. Dotinga R New Cancer Diet Studies Confirm Effects of Veggies and Red Meat. Medscape. April 19, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/972354
  20. Kirkner RM Gut Metabolites May Explain Red Meat-ASCVD Link. Medscape. August 15, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/979241 - Wang M, Wang Z, Lee Y Dietary Meat, Trimethylamine N-Oxide-Related Metabolites, and Incident Cardiovascular Disease Among Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2022. August 1. PMID: 35912635 https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/ATVBAHA.121.316533
  21. Gu X et al Red meat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in a prospective cohort study of United States females and males. Am J Clin Nutr 2023, Oct 19. PMID: 38044023 PMCID: PMC10739777 (available on 2024-10-19) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0002916523661192
  22. George J Dementia Risk Linked With Processed Red Meat. Swapping out weekly hot dog or serving of bacon for nuts and legumes tied to lower dementia odds. MedPage Today, July 31, 2024 https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/aaic/111314
  23. Li C, Bishop TRP, Imamura F et al Meat consumption and incident type 2 diabetes: an individual-participant federated meta-analysis of 1.97 million adults with 100 000 incident cases from 31 cohorts in 20 countries. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2024 Sep;12(9):619-630. PMID: 39174161 Free article. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(24)00179-7/fulltext