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processed food

- highly modified products created through industrial processes for long sheld life - thet typically contain multiple additives, preservatives, & artificial ingredients Includes: - mass-produced desserts including flavored yogurts, packaged bread, processed meats, snack foods & breakfast cereals, ready-to-eat sauces, cheeses, spreads, gravies - the classification system is sometimes ambiguous & confusing, including otherwise healthy food such as veggi-burgers Adverse effects: - increased risk of cancer (RR=1.13); RR=1.02 [8]; cancer mortality (RR=1.06) [8] - increased risk of breast cancer (RR=1.13) [1]; mortality (RR=1.16) [8] - increased risk of ovarian cancer (RR=1.2); mortality (RR=1.3) [8] - increased risk of colorectal cancer & pancreatic cancer [13] - increased risk of head & neck cancer & esophageal adenocarcinoma associated with ultra-processed foods [10] - proportion mediated via adiposity was small - increased mortality [2]; RR=1.2 [7] - 14% increase in mortality with each 10% increase in processed food - increased risk of cancer mortality (RR=1.06) [8] - ultra-processed foods leads to greater calorie consumption, weight gain & obesity [3,13] - ultra-processed foods associated with increase risk for cardiovascular disease & mortality [4] - each 10% increase of ultra-processed food consumed is associated with 11%-13% increased risk for cardiovascular disease [4] & death [11] (50%) - ultra-processed foods associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes [5] - ultra-processed foods associated with increased risk for cognitive impairment [6] - ultra-processed foods associated with increased risk for anxiety [11] & depression [6] 48-53% [11] - increased risk of Crohn's disease (RR=1.7) [13] - ultra-processed foods associated with increased risk for all-cause death (21%) [11] - ultra-processed meat, poultry & seafood-based foods most strongly associated with mortality (RR=1.13) [12] - overall diet quality more important than ultra-processed foods [12] Notes: - processed foods tend to have more calories, sodium, fat, additives, sugar, & contaminants like acrylamide & bisphenol A, & less fiber & micronutrients - when foods are processed under high temperatures, potentially carcinogenic contaminants form [2] Management: - Mediterranean diet recommended to break addiction to ultraprocessed foods [13] - also see healthy diet

Specific

plant-based meat alternative (PBMA) refined grain

General

food

References

  1. Fiolet T, Srour B, Sellem L et al Consumption of ultra-processed foods and cancer risk: results from NutriNet-Sante prospective cohort. BMJ 2018;360:k322 PMID: 29444771 http://www.bmj.com/content/360/bmj.k322 - Monge A, Lajous M Ultra-processed foods and cancer. BMJ 2018;360:k599 PMID: 29444772 http://www.bmj.com/content/360/bmj.k599
  2. Schnabel L, Kesse-Guyot E, Alles B et al Association Between Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Mortality Among Middle-aged Adults in France. JAMA Intern Med. Published online February 11, 2019. PMID: 30742202 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2723626
  3. Hall KD, Ayuketah S, Brychta R Ultra-Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: An Inpatient Randomized Controlled Trial of Ad Libitum Food Intake. Cell Metabolism. May 16, 2018 PMID: 31105044 https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(19)30248-7#%20
  4. Srour B et al Ultra-processed food intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective cohort study (NutriNet-Sante) BMJ 2019;365:l1451 PMID: 31142457 https://www.bmj.com/content/365/bmj.l1451 - Lawrence MA, Baker PI Ultra-processed food and adverse health outcomes. BMJ 2019;365:l2289 PMID: 31142449 https://www.bmj.com/content/365/bmj.l2289
  5. Srour B et al Ultraprocessed Food Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Participants of the NutriNet-Sante Prospective Cohort. JAMA Intern Med. Published online December 16, 2019 PMID: 31841598 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2757497
  6. Gomes Goncalves N, Vidal Ferreira N, Khandpur N et al JAMA Neurol. 2022 Dec 5. Association Between Consumption of Ultraprocessed Foods and Cognitive Decline. PMID: 36469335 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2799140
  7. Suksatan W, Moradi S, Naeini F et al Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Adult Mortality Risk: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of 207,291 Participants. Nutrients. 2021 Dec 30;14(1):174. PMID: 35011048 Free PMC article. Review.
  8. Worcester S Ultraprocessed Food and Increased Risk of Cancer: UK Study. Medscape. Feb 2, 2023 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/987795 - Chang K, Gunter MJ, Rauber F et al Ultra-processed food consumption, cancer risk and cancer mortality: a large-scale prospective analysis within the UK Biobank. eClinicalMedicine. 2023. Jan 31. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(23)00017-2/fulltext
  9. Samuthpongtorn C, Nguyen LH, Okereke OI et al Consumption of Ultraprocessed Food and Risk of Depression. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(9):e2334770 PMID: 37728928 ttps://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2809727
  10. Morales-Bernstein F, Biessy C, Viallon V et al Ultra-processed foods, adiposity and risk of head and neck cancer and oesophageal adenocarcinoma in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study: a mediation analysis. Eur J Nutr. 2023. Nov 22 PMID: 37989797 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00394-023-03270-1
  11. Lane MM, Gamage E, Du S et al Ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes: umbrella review of epidemiological meta-analyses. BMJ 2024;384:e077310 PMID: 38418082 PMCID: PMC10899807 Free PMC article https://www.bmj.com/content/384/bmj-2023-077310
  12. Fang Z et al. Association of ultra-processed food consumption with all cause and cause specific mortality: Population based cohort study. BMJ 2024 May 8; 385:e078476 PMID: 38719536 PMCID: PMC11077436 Free PMC article. https://www.bmj.com/content/385/bmj-2023-078476
  13. Watson J Ultraprocessed Food and GI Health: Have We Bitten Off More Than We Can Chew? Medscape. May 10, 2024' https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/ultraprocessed-food-and-gi-health-have-we-bitten-more-than-2024a10008z1
  14. Mendoza K, Smith-Warner SA, Rossato SL et al Ultra-processed foods and cardiovascular disease: analysis of three large US prospective cohorts and a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2024 Sep 2;37:100859. . PMID: 39286398 PMCID: PMC11403639 Free PMC article. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanam/article/PIIS2667-193X(24)00186-8/fulltext