Contents

Search

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)

Etiology: 1) left ventricular failure 2) mitral stenosis 3) nocturnal asthma attacks may mimic PND

General

dyspnea (shortness of breath {SOB})

References

  1. Guide to Physical Examination & History Taking, 4th edition, Bates B, JB Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1987
  2. Mayo Internal Medicine Board Review, 1998-99, Prakash UBS (ed) Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1998, pg 720