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pandemic
a global epidemic
History:
- notable pandemics
- plague (1347, 1665, 1855)
- cholera (7 different pandemics, first in 1871) [1]
- Spanish flu 1918
- HIV1/AIDS 1981
- Covid-19 2019
* plus others; small pox & tuberculosis considered endemic vs epidemic
Management:
- Prevent Zoonotic Spillovers
- other than 7 cholera pandemics, all/most pandemics of zoonotic origin
- Rapid Identification & Response
- Create a System for Biosafety & Biosecurity Oversight
- Empower the World Health Organization
- Embed Equity in Planning & Response
- Suspend Intellectual Property Rights & Transfer Technologies
- Create an International Pandemic Financing Facility
- Support Health Workers [2]
General
epidemic
References
- Piret J, Boivin G.
Pandemics Throughout History.
Front Microbiol. 2021 Jan 15;11:631736.
PMID: 33584597 PMCID: PMC7874133 Free PMC article
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7874133/
- Rolleston JD
The Smallpox Pandemic of 1870-1874: (Section of Epidemiology and State Medicine).
Proc R Soc Med. 1933 Dec;27(2):177-92.
PMID: 19989604 PMCID: PMC2204618 Free PMC article
- Gostin LO
9 Steps to End COVID-19 and Prevent the Next Pandemic:
Essential Outcomes From the World Health Assembly.
JAMA Health Forum. 2021;2(6):e211852. June 10
Not indexed in PubMed
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama-health-forum/fullarticle/2781169
- Gostin LO, Halabi SF, Klock KA
An International Agreement on Pandemic Prevention and Preparedness.
JAMA. Published online September 15, 2021
PMID: 34524388
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2784418