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oxalate

Precipitates with Ca+2 to which it binds tightly. Calcium oxalate crystals form urinary calculi (see calcium stone). Dietary sources (mg/100 grams unless otherwise specified) - nuts, especially almonds, almond milk [3] - almonds (roasted) 469 mg [4]; 430 mg [17] - cashews (roasted) 262 mg [4]; 164 mg [9]; 173 mg [17] - hazelnuts (raw) 222 mg - pine nuts (raw) 198 mg - peanuts (roasted 140 mg [4]; 114 mg [9]; 95 mg [17] - walnuts (raw) 74 mg - pecans (raw) 64 mg [4]; 24 mg [9]; 35 mg [17] - macadamia nuts (raw) 42 mg [4]; 22 mg [9] - pistachio (roasted) 40 mg [4]; 16 mg [9], 49 mg [17] - legumes - black beans 72 mg - Navy beans 57 mg; 152 mg per cup [17] - soy beans 56 mg, 7 mg per cup [17] - soy flour 183 mg [4] - pinto beans 27 mg - Azuki beans 25 mg - green beans 16 mg [9] - snap beans 360 mg [11] - string beans 18 mg per cup [17] - Garbanzo beans 9 mg - Fava beans 40 mg per cup [17] - Mung beans 8 mg; 6 mg per cup [17] - Lentils 8 mg - Peas 4-6 mg [4]; 50 mg [11]; snow peas 31 mg [9] - grains - amaranth 1090 mg [11] - wheat bran 457 mg [8]; 130 mg [9] - buckwheat 269 mg [4] - rice bran 225 mg [9] - whole wheat (Triticum durum) 77 mg [8]; 67 mg [4] - barley 56 mg - cassava (Tapioca) 1260 mg [11]; low in oxalate [11] - corn 2 mg per cup [17] - corn meal 54 mg, corn flour 3 mg per cup [17] - millet high [11]; 62 mg per cup (cooked) [17] - oats allegedly high in oxalate, no numbers given [11] - oat brain little or none [17] - rye 51 mg - semolina 48 mg - white rice 49 mg - brown rice 37 mg; 24 mg cup (cooked) [17] - brown rice flour 65 mg per cup - rice bran 281 mg per cup - quinoa allegedly high in oxalate, no numbers given [12] - seeds - pumpkin seeds 17 mg per cup cooked [17] - pumpkin seeds diminish calcium-oxalate crystal formation [15] - sunflower seeds 12 mg per cup [17] - flaxseed (none) [17] - sesame seeds 100 mg per 100 g [18] - vegetables - spinach 970 mg [6,11]; 793 mg [9]; 1550 mg per cup (cooked) [17] - beet greans 953 mg [9]; 610 [11]; beets (raw) 81 mg [9] - rhubarb 451 mg [9] - swiss chard 187 mg - bok choy 1 mg per cup (raw) [17] - asparagus 130 mg [11] - artichoke 5 mg 1 small bud [17] - okra 62 mg; 50 mg [11] - sweet potato 29 mg; 240 mg [11]; 28 mg per cup [17] - yams 80 mg per cup [17] - kale 20 mg [6,11]; 2 mg [9], 2 mg per cup [17] - potato 20 mg; 50 mg [11]; 97 mg per potato, 29 mg per cup (mashed) [17] - celery 12 mg; 190 mg [11], 3 mg per 1 stalk [17] - carrot 7 mg; 500 mg [11], 14 mg per cup (sliced/cooked) [17] - tomato 6 mg; 50 mg [11]; 7 mg per tomato, tomato sauce 34 mg per cup [17] - lettuce 360 mg [11] - cabbage 100 mg [11], 2 mg per cup [17] - collards 5 mg; 450 mg [11]; 10 mg per cup [17] - chicory 210 mg [11] - onion 3 mg; 50 mg [11], little or none [17] - chives little or none [17] - mustard greens 3 mg; 4 mg per cup [17] - radish 480 mg [11] - broccoli 3-12 mg; 190 mg [11], 2 mg per cup (chopped) [17] - cauliflower 150 mg [11], 2 mg per cup cooked [17] - squash 20 mg [11], yellow squash 2 mg per cup [17] - eggplant 190 mg [11] - brussel sprouts 360 mg [11], 4 mg per cup [17] - cucumber 20 mg [11] - zucchini 2 mg per cup [17] - scallions 2 mg per cup [17] - peas 2 mg per cup [17] - mushrooms little or none [17] - chili peppers 10 mg per cup [17] - green pepper 1 mg per ring [17] - bamboo shoots 25 mg per cup [17] - seeta corn 10 mg [11] - spices & flavorings - black pepper 92 mg; 40 mg [11] - garlic (powder) 30 mg; 360 mg [11] - parsley 1700 mg [11] - chives 1480 mg [11] - mustard 23 mg [9] - ketsup 2 mg - fruits & berries - cranberries - black olive 27 mg - cherries 3 mg - banana 3 mg - orange 2 mg - apple < 1 mg - pear < 1 mg - blueberries 2 mg per 1/2 cup [17] - blackberries 2 mg per 1/2 cup [17] - avocado is low in oxalate [16] - dairy (low) < 2 mg - meats (low) - other - brussel sprouts 37 mg/6-8 brussel sprouts - hummus 4 mg per tablespoon [17] - coffee beans 24 mg - tea 8 mg - chocolate - cocoa powder 628 mg - chocolate syrup or milk chocolate 50-67 mg [9] Pharmaceutical/toxin-induced causes of oxalate calculi 1) ethylene glycol 2) orlistat Physiology: - oxalate is absorbed primarily from the colon, but can be absorbed directly anywhere in the intestine - enteric calcium binding to oxalate inhibits oxalate absorbtion - oxalate is also produced endogenously in the liver as part of glycolate metabolism - in the kidney, oxalate is secreted in the proximal tubule via 2 separate carriers involving sodium & chloride exchange. - solubility of oxalate at body temperature is ~5 mg/L at a pH of 7.0 [7] Laboratory: - oxalate in specimen - oxalate in plant - oxalate in dialysis fluid - oxalate in serum/plasma - oxalate in stone - oxalate in tissue - oxalate in urine - oxalate in water Notes: - an equivalent amount of ingested calcium (mass/mass) minimizes urinary oxalate [5] - pumpkin seeds may reduce urinary calcium oxalate crystal formation [15]

Related

calcium stone hyperoxaluria

Specific

oxaloacetate

General

dicarboxylate

Database Correlations

PUBCHEM cid=971

References

  1. Prescriber's Letter 9(3):18 2002
  2. Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 15, American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2009
  3. Ellis D, Lieb J. Hyperoxaluria and genitourinary disorders in children ingesting almond milk products. J Pediatr 2015 Sep 14 PMID: 26382627
  4. Chai W, Liebman M Oxalate content of legumes, nuts, and grain-based flours. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 18 (2005) 723-729 http://www.2ndchance.info/oxalate-dogChai2005oxalatecontentfoods.pdf
  5. Liebman M1, Chai W. Effect of dietary calcium on urinary oxalate excretion after oxalate loads. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 May;65(5):1453-9. PMID: 9129476
  6. Oxalates in Kale vs. Spinach http://www.healwithfood.org/articles/oxalates-kale-spinach.php
  7. Shekarriz B, Schwartz BF Medsacpe: Hyperoxaluria http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/444683-overview
  8. Siener R1, Honow R, Voss S, Seidler A, Hesse A. Oxalate content of cereals and cereal products. J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Apr 19;54(8):3008-11. PMID: 16608223
  9. Oxalate content of Foods Wake Forest Baptist Health. http://www.wakehealth.edu/Urology/Kidney-Stones/Oxalate-Content-of-Foods.htm
  10. Oxalate content of Foods The Children's Medical Center of Dayton. http://www.childrensdayton.org/cms/resource_library/nephrology_files/5f5dec8807c77c52/lithiasis__oxalate_and_diet.pdf
  11. Oxalic Acid Content of Selected Vegetables http://www.petsnails.co.uk/documents/oxalates.html
  12. The Low-Oxalate, Gluten and Lactose Free Diet. http://unusual-ingredients.blogspot.com/p/low-oxalate-gluten-and-lactose-free.html (no numbers given to back claims)
  13. Attalla K, De S, Monga M. Oxalate content of food: a tangled web. Urology. 2014 Sep;84(3):555-60. PMID: 25168533
  14. Massey LK Food Oxalate: Factors affecting measurement, biological variation, and bioavailability. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007 Jul;107(7):1191-4 PMID: 17604750
  15. Suphakarn VS, Yarnnon C, Ngunboonsri P. The effect of pumpkin seeds on oxalcrystalluria and urinary compositions of children in hyperendemic area. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987 Jan;45(1):115-21. PMID: 3799495
  16. Campbell M High-Alkaline, Low-Oxalate Foods Feb 10, 2014 http://www.livestrong.com/article/497527-high-alkaline-low-oxalate-foods/
  17. Harvard.edu - Oxalate content of foods https://regepi.bwh.harvard.edu/health/Oxalate/files/Oxalate%20Content%20of%20Foods.xls
  18. Foods High in Calcium Oxalate https://www.livestrong.com/article/155502-foods-high-in-calcium-oxalate/