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Mycobacterium

Aerobic, non-motile, acid alcohol fast, slightly curved or straight bacteria. Cell walls contain mycolic acids. Etiology: - slow-growing - M kansasii - M marinum - M gordonae - M scrofulaceum - M avium - M tuberculosis - M ulcerans - M xenopi - M simiae - M szulgai - M asiaticum - rapidly growing - M abscessus - M chelonae - M fortuitum Epidemiology: - most non-tuberculous Mycobacterial infections occur in young adults & elderly persons Pathology: 1) disseminated infection a) M avium b) M haemophilium c) M kansasii d) M abscessus e) M xenopi f) M genovense g) M chelonae 2) pulmonary infection a) M tuberculosis b) M avium complex (most common cause of chronic lung infection wordwide) - M intracellulare c) M kansasii d) M abscessus e) M xenopi f) M malmoense 3) superficial lymphadenitis (esp. cervical) a) M avium complex b) M scrofulaceum c) M tuberculosis d) M malmoense 4) skin infection & soft tissue infection a) M abscessus (surgery) b) M chelonae (surgery) c) M marinum d) M szulgai e) M fortuitum f) M ulcerans 5) healthcare-associated infection a) M abscessus (surgery) b) M chelonae (surgery) c) M fortuitum d) M chimaera [3] 6) spondylitis (Pott's disease) - M tuberculosis 7) Addison's disease - M tuberculosis 8) Commensals a) M abscessus b) M avium (sputum, feces) c) M chelonae d) M fortuitum e) M gordonae f) M xenopi Diagnosis: - diagnostic criteria for diagnosing non-tuberculous Mycobacterial infection from colonization - clinical & imaging - pulmonary symptoms & abnormal chest imaging - exclusion of other causes - laboratory criteria - isolation of Mycobacterium spp from 2 different sputum samples - isolation of Mycobacterium spp from bronchoalveolar lavage - positive acid fast bacteria &/or granulomatous disease on histopathology from lung tissue plus a positive Mycobacterial culture from lung tissue, sputum, or bronchoalveolar lavage - consult infectious disease when in doubt [3] Laboratory: - Mycobacterium DNA, Mycobacterium rRNA - Mycobacterium identified in isolate - high-performance liquid chromatography [3] - Mycobacterium identified by culture - blood culture for Mycobacterium - M fortuitum, M chelonae & N abscessus are fast-growing Mycobacterium (< 7 days) [3] - Mycobacterial susceptibility Management: - see specific Mycobacterial species

Related

Mycobacterium & acid-fast bacterium (AFB) culture Mycobacterium group-1 Mycobacterium group-2 Mycobacterium group-3 Mycobacterium group-4 mycolic acid susceptibility to mycobacterial disease

Specific

Mycobacterium abscessus Mycobacterium asiaticum Mycobacterium avium-complex (MAC, Mycobacterium avium intracellulare, MAI) Mycobacterium bovis Mycobacterium chelonae Mycobacterium chimaera Mycobacterium flavescens Mycobacterium fortuitum Mycobacterium gastri Mycobacterium genovense Mycobacterium gordonae Mycobacterium group Mycobacterium haemophilium Mycobacterium haemophilum Mycobacterium kansasii Mycobacterium leprae Mycobacterium malmoense Mycobacterium marinum Mycobacterium mucogenicum Mycobacterium scrofulaceum Mycobacterium shimoidei Mycobacterium simiae Mycobacterium szulgai Mycobacterium terrae Mycobacterium triviale Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) Mycobacterium ulcerans Mycobacterium xenopi rapidly-growing Mycobacterium (RGM)

General

Mycobacteriaceae

Properties

KINGDOM: monera DIVISION: SCHIZOMYCETES

References

  1. Clinical Diagnosis & Management by Laboratory Methods, 19th edition, J.B. Henry (ed), W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA. 1996, pg 1194
  2. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th ed. Fauci et al (eds), McGraw-Hill Inc. NY, 1998, pg
  3. Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 16, 17, 18, 19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2012, 2015, 2018, 2021.
  4. Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA et al An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Apr 1;175(7):744-5 PMID: 17277290
  5. Jarzembowski JA, Young MB. Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2008 Aug;132(8):1333-41 PMID: 18684037
  6. Piersimoni C, Scarparo C. Pulmonary infections associated with non-tuberculous mycobacteria in immunocompetent patients. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008 May;8(5):323-34. PMID: 18471777
  7. Tortoli E. Clinical manifestations of nontuberculous mycobacteria infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009 Oct;15(10):906-10 PMID: 19845702
  8. RUNYON EH. Anonymous mycobacteria in pulmonary disease. Med Clin North Am. 1959 Jan;43(1):273-90. PMID: 13612432
  9. Wentworth AB, Drage LA, Wengenack NL, Wilson JW, Lohse CM. Increased incidence of cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacterial infection, 1980 to 2009: a population-based study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013 Jan;88(1):38-45. PMID: 23218797 Free PMC Article
  10. Guglielmetti L, Mougari F, Lopes A, Raskine L, Cambau E. Human infections due to nontuberculous mycobacteria: the infectious diseases and clinical microbiology specialists' point of view. Future Microbiol. 2015;10(9):1467-83. Review. PMID: 26344005