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time-restricted eating; intermittent fasting; fasting-mimicking diet

Clinical significance: - round-the-clock access to energy-dense food & lack of exercise perturbs the circadian clock - eating > 12 hours/day may have harmful metabolic consequences - time-restricted eating & exercise may have independent health benefits - cardiovascular benefit of pesco-Mediterranean diet in connection with time-restricted eating [2] - association between intermittent fasting & reduced cardiovascular disease is inconclusive [3] - time-restricted eating added no benefit to a low calorie diet (equal calories) for weight reduction in obese patients [4,6] - effects of time-restricted eating on weight reduction in obese patients is likely due to calorie restriction [12] - intermittent fasting (8-10 hours/day) as effective as calorie-restriction for weight reduction [9] - time-restricted eating more effective for losing weight (~5 lbs) & improving diastolic blood pressure & mood than eating over a window of >= 12 hours [5] - intermittent fasting can lead to diabetes mellitus remission [7] - may benefit patients with NAFLD & non-alcoholic steatohepatitis [8] - time-restricted eating can reduce body weight -1.43 kg & fat mass -1.56 kg especially in overweight persons - time-restricted eating may improve lipid profiles in overweight persons, including decreased serum triglycerides -12.71 mg/dL, total cholesterol -6.4 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol -7.0 mg/dL [10] - time-restricted eating has no significant effects on waist circumference, body mass index, hemoglobin A1c, or blood pressure [10] - time-restricted eating is more effective for weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes than calorie restriction [11] - no difference in time-restricted eating & calorie restriction in HgbA1c [11] - intermittent fasting (8-10 hours/day) may improve glycemic control & may have wider cardiometabolic benefits in adults with metabolic syndrome [15] - fasting-mimicking diet: a plant-based, low-calorie & low-protein 5-day diet presumably monthly may lower biological age [13] Laboratory: - intermittent fasting increases in intestinal microbiota diversity & abundance of beneficial bacteria includin Christensenellaceae, Rikenellaceae, & Marvinbryantia Notes: - intermittent fasting regimens include: - alternate-day fasting - fasting 2 days each week - healthy living diet 5 days/week & restricting calories to 1/4 recommended daily intake for 2 consecutive days/week [14] - daily time-restricted eating*

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References

  1. Parr EB, Heilbronn LK, Hawley JA A Time to Eat and a Time to Exercise Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2020;48(1):4-10 (via Medscape) PMID: 31688298 PMCID: PMC6948807 Free PMC article https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/923557
  2. O'Keefe JH, orres-Acosta N, O'Keefe EL et al Pesco-Mediterranean Diet With Intermittent Fasting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(12):1484-1493 PMID: 32943166 Free article
  3. Geriatric Review Syllabus, 11th edition (GRS11) Harper GM, Lyons WL, Potter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2022
  4. Liu D, Huang Y, Huang C et al Calorie Restriction with or without Time-Restricted Eating in Weight Loss. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:1495-1504. April 15. PMID: 35443107 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2114833 - Laferrere B, Panda S. Calorie and time restriction in weight loss. N Engl J Med 2022 Apr 21; 386:1572. PMID: 35443112 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMe2202821
  5. Monaco K Restricting Eating to Certain Hours Bolsters Weight Loss. Trial participants lost an additional 5 lb versus those who didn't restrict their eating time. MedPage Today August 8, 2022 https://www.medpagetoday.com/endocrinology/obesity/100108 - Jamshed H, Steger FL, Bryan DR et al Effectiveness of Early Time-Restricted Eating for Weight Loss, Fat Loss, and Cardiometabolic Health in Adults With Obesity. A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. Published online August 8, 2022. PMID: 35939311 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2794819
  6. Lowe DA, Wu N, Rohdin-Bibby L et al Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Weight Loss and Other Metabolic Parameters in Women and Men With Overweight and Obesity. The TREAT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(11):1491-1499. PMID: 32986097 PMCID: PMC7522780 Free PMC article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2771095
  7. Busko M Intermittent fasting can lead to type 2 diabetes remission. MDedge. Internal Medicine News. Dec 15, 2022 https://www.mdedge.com/internalmedicine/article/260167/diabetes/intermittent-fasting-can-lead-type-2-diabetes-remission
  8. Marjot T, Tomlinson JW, Hodson L, Ray DW Timing of energy intake and the therapeutic potential of intermittent fasting and time-restricted eating in NAFLD. Gut 2023 72(8): June 7 PMID: 37286229 Free article https://gut.bmj.com/content/72/8/1607
  9. Lin S et al. Time-restricted eating without calorie counting for weight loss in a racially diverse population: A randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2023 Jul; 176:885. PMID: 37364268 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M23-0052
  10. Zoler ML Time-Restricted Eating Gains for Weight and Glycemic Control. Medscape. August 3, 2023 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/995119 - Liu L, Chen W, Wu D, Hu F. Metabolic Efficacy of Time-Restricted Eating in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022 Nov 25;107(12):3428-3441 PMID: 36190980
  11. Pavlou V, Cienfuegos S, Lin S et al Effect of Time-Restricted Eating on Weight Loss in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes. A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(10):e2339337. PMID: 37889487 PMCID: PMC10611992 Free PMC article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2811116
  12. Maruthur NM, Pilla SJ, White K et al Effect of Isocaloric, Time-Restricted Eating on Body Weight in Adults With Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2024 Apr 19. PMID: 38639542 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M23-3132
  13. Brandhorst S, Levine ME, Wei M et al Fasting-mimicking diet causes hepatic and blood markers changes indicating reduced biological age and disease risk. Nat Commun. 2024 Feb 20;15(1):1309 PMID: 38378685 PMCID: PMC10879164 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45260-9
  14. Anderson P Two Diets Linked to Improved Cognition, Slowed Brain Aging. Medscape; July 25, 2024 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/two-diets-linked-improved-cognition-slowed-brain-aging-2024a1000dqj - Kapogiannis D, Manolopoulos A, Mullins R et al Brain responses to intermittent fasting and the healthy living diet in older adults. Cell Metab. 2024 Jun 19:S1550-4131(24)00225-0. PMID: 38901423 https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/abstract/S1550-4131(24)00225-0
  15. Manoogian ENC, Wilkinson MJ, O'Neal M et al Time-Restricted Eating in Adults With Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2024. Oct 1. PMID: 39348690 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M24-0859 - Manoogian EN, Chow LS, Taub PR, et al. Time-restricted eating for the prevention and management of metabolic diseases. Endocr Rev. 2022;43:405-436 PMID: 34550357 PMCID: PMC8905332 Free PMC article