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insulin protein
Function:
- hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
- regulates carbohydrate & fat metabolism
- induces hepatocytes & myocytes to internalize glucose from plasma & store it as glycogen in the liver & muscle, respectively
- induces translocation of GLUT-4 glucose transporter to the plasma membrane in skeletal muscle & adipocytes resulting in intracellular influx of glucose
- inhibits release of glucagon
- increases K+ uptake by skeletal muscle cells possibly via translocation of the Na+/K+-ATPase to the plasma membrane
- inhibits lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, autphagy
- able to cross the blood-brain barrier [2]
Structure:
- heterodimer linked by 2 disulfide bonds
- a common precursor, proinsulin, gives rise to both insulin subunits & C-peptide
- apparently stored as a hexamer chelated by Zn+2 for stability
Pathology:
- deficiency results in diabetes mellitus type 1
- insulin resistance or down-regulation of insulin receptors results in diabetes mellitus type 2
- insulinomas are islet cell tumors secreting insulin
Related
anti-insulin antibody
insulin analog (synthetic insulins, recombinant insulins)
insulin device (device for administering insulin)
insulin for injection (Novolin, Humulin, Lente, Semilente, Ultralente, Iletin, NPH (isophane), PZI, INS)
insulin in serum
insulin receptor antagonist (insulin antagonist)
insulin receptor; IR; (INSR)
insulin resistance
Specific
C-peptide
Insulin Protein Parenteral
insulin, isoform 2; INS-IGF2 readthrough transcript protein (INS-IGF2)
proinsulin
General
multisubunit protein
pancreatic hormone
peptide precursor
secreted peptide
Properties
COMPARTMENT: extracellular compartment
Database Correlations
OMIM 176730
MORBIDMAP 176730
Entrez Gene 3630
PUBCHEM correlations
References
- Wikipedia: Insulin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin
- Szalinski C
A New Way to 'Smuggle' Drugs Through the Blood-Brain Barrier.
Medscape. Oct 10, 2024
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/new-way-smuggle-drugs-through-blood-brain-barrier-2024a1000ijs