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hyperventilation
Etiology:
1) hypoxemia
a) high altitude
b) pulmonary disease
2) pulmonary disorders (lung disease)
a) pneumonia
b) interstitial pneumonitis
c) pulmonary emboli, vascular disease
d) bronchial asthma
e) pneumothorax
3) cardiovascular disorders
a) congestive heart failure
b) hypotension
4) metabolic disorders
a) acidosis (diabetic, renal, lactic acidosis)
b) hepatic failure
5) neurologic disorders
a) psychogenic or anxiety hyperventilation
b) central nervous system infection, tumor
6) pharmaceutical agents
a) salicylates
b) methylxanthines
c) beta-adrenergic agonists
d) progesterone
7) other
a) fever, sepsis
b) pain
c) pregnancy
Pathology:
- results in respiratory alkalosis, primary or secondary depending upon etiology (see respiratory alkalosis)
Clinical manifestations:
1) light-headedness
2) headache
3) palpitations
4) chest pain
5) weakness
6) symptoms reproduced by intentional overbreathing for about 2 minutes
Related
hypoventilation
General
sign/symptom
References
- Saunders Manual of Medical Practice, Rakel (ed), WB Saunders,
Philadelphia, 1996, pg 1014
- Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, American
College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998
- Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed.
Isselbacher et al (eds), McGraw-Hill Inc. NY, 1994, pg 1239