Contents

Search

heart failure (HF)

Heart failure (HF) is the inability of the heart to maintain a cardiac output sufficient to meet the metabolic needs of the body. It is a common condition with high morbidity & mortality. Classification: based on LV ejection fraction [111] - HF with reduced EF (HFrEF): LVEF of up to 40%. - HF with mildly reduced EF (HFmrEF): LVEF of 41-49%. - HF with preserved EF (HFpEF)HF with an LVEF of at least 50%. - HF with improved EF (HFimpEF): HF with a baseline LVEF of 40% or less, an increase of at least 10 points from baseline LVEF, & a 2nd measurement of LVEF of > 40% Etiology: 1) coronary artery disease a) intermittent myocardial ischemia b) myocardial infarction (MI), including silent MI [88] 2) hypertensive heart disease a) diastolic dysfunction, left ventricular hypertrophy b) systolic dysfunction 3) dilated cardiomyopathy a) idiopathic b) toxic - alcohol - doxorubicin - cocaine c) infection - viral - parasitic d) collagen vascular disease 4) valvular heart disease a) mitral stenosis b) aortic stenosis c) acute mitral regurgitation - ischemic papillary muscle dysfunction - rupture of papillary muscle - rupture of chordae tendinae d) aortic or mitral regurgitation from endocarditis 5) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 6) restrictive cardiomyopathy a) amyloidosis b) sarcoidosis c) hemochromatosis 7) constrictive pericarditis 8) high output heart failure a) chronic anemia b) atrioventricular shunts c) thyrotoxicosis d) beriberi 9) precipitants or decompenstation of heart failure: a) myocardial ischemia or infarction b) hypertension c) cardiac arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation) d) infection e) anemia f) pregnancy g) thyrotoxicosis h) volume overload - renal failure i) toxins - alcohol - doxorubicin j) drugs - beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists - non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - calcium channel antagonists - metformin - see drugs that may cause or exacerbate heart failure k) pulmonary embolism l) valvular failure m) ventricular septal defect n) aortic dissection o) dietary or medical non-compliance 10) risk factors a) obesity [5] b) diabetes, (hazzard ratio as large as 2.6) [17] c) shorter reproductive duration (menarche to menopause) [10] d) progression of subclinical atrial fibrillation [91] e) obstructive sleep apnea & central sleep apnea [3] Epidemiology: 1) 1% of adults in their 50s; 10% > 70 years [26] 2) 5-10% of all hospital admissions - most common reason for hospitalization in elderly [39] 3) 31-47% with diastolic dysfunction [15] - older patients are more likely than younger patients to have diastolic heart failure [39] 4) older patients with HF are more likely to be women than younger patients with HF [39] 5) deaths from heart failure are increasing 6) < 1/2 of patients have advance directives [43] - < 1/2 of those that do, specify interventions to avoid [43] 7) misdiagnosis in 20% (inadequate workup general reason) [83] 8) lifetime risk of heart failure in the U.S. is 24% [118] Pathology: 1) organ hypoperfusion a) reflexive arteriolar vasoconstriction b) inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues 2) left ventricular diastolic dysunction a) left ventricular hypertrophy b) increased left ventricular filling pressures c) left atrial enlargement - predisposes to atrial fibrillation d) pulmonary edema e) left heart failure leads to right heart failure - peripheral edema 3) left ventricular systolic dysfunction a) decreased left ventricular ejection fraction b) increased left ventricular filling pressure c) left atrial enlargement - predisposes to atrial fibrillation d) pulmonary edema e) left heart failure leads to right heart failure - peripheral edema 4) increased systemic vascular resistance due to: a) enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity b) elevation of circulating catecholamines 5) activation of renin/angiotensin system 6) increased vasopressin 7) increased levels of miR-25 lower levels of SERCA2a, which, in turn, reduces calcium uptake by cardiomyocytes & leads to heart failure in both mice and humans [54] - in mice, an antagonist of miR-25 reverses heart failure Clinical manifestations: 1) symptoms a) fatigue b) dyspnea on exertion - most common initial symptom c) orthopnea - most sensitive indicator of high left ventricular filling pressure d) cough e) nausea f) right upper quadrant abdominal pain g) paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea h) nocturia i) confusion 2) signs a) peripheral edema, especially ankles (hydrostatic) - venous stasis -> stasis dermatitis b) jugular venous distension c) cadiogenic pulmonary edema d) pleural effusion e) rales, crackles may not be present with chronic HF despite decompensated HF f) pericardial effusion g) hepatic congestion, hepatomegaly h) third heart sound (S3), fourth heart sound (S4) i) systolic murmur of mitral regurgitation j) tachycardia k) ascites 3) hospitalized patients with heart failure - often with no symptom improvement upon discharge - ~60% with no improvement in fatigue - >40% with no improvement in anxiety, dyspnea, or pain [62] Laboratory: 1) chem 7 panel a) serum creatinine, serum urea nitrogen - elevated BUN/creatinine b) serum Na+: - persistent hyponatremia is poor prognostic indicator [19] c) serum creatinine, serum potassium - see RAAS inhibitor for initiation of ACE inhibitor/ARB 2) liver function tests (elevated serum transaminases) 3) complete blood count (CBC) 4) serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (serum TSH) 5) serum BNP [80] a) elevated serum BNP is non-specific - serum BNP > 500 pg/mL b) if < 50 pg/mL, excludes heart failure as cause of dyspnea c) if < 100 pg/mL, heart failure unlikely [3] d) patient-specific characteristics may affect serum BNP cutoff (see serum BNP) e) use of serum BNP & serum NT-proBNP of uncertain use in preventing hospital readmission & reducing post-discharge mortality [76,79] f) serum NT-proBNP best predictor of short-term & long-term mortality in elderly hospitalized with acute heart failure [104] g) not for use in ambulatory patients to monitor heart failure or to guide therapy [3] 6) serum procalcitonin > 0.10-ng/mL suggests bacterial pneumonia [67] 7) urinalysis [39] - elevated urinary albumin/creatinine is associated with a poor prognosis [28] 8) lipid panel [47] 9) high-sensitivity troponin-I in serum or troponin-T in serum - asymptomatic patients with levels in the top 1/3 with higher risk for incident heart failure than those in the bottom 1/3 (RR=2.1) [87] 10) see ARUP consult [44] 11) further selection of laboratory tests based on suggestions of specific disorders by history & physical examination [3] Special laboratory: 1) electrocardiogram: (common findings) a) arrhythmias b) conduction delays c) non-specific ST-T changes d) low voltage suggests restrictive cardiomyopathy (amyloidosis) 2) echocardiography a) primary diagnostic test for evaluation of heart failure [3] b) diastolic vs systolic dysfunction c) valvular heart disease d) regional wall abnormalities suggesting CAD e) repeat echocardiogram most useful if there has been a change in clinical status [3] 3) stress testing to identify myocardial ischemia 4) 6 minute walk test: - ability to walk < 300 meters is associated to 3-4 fold increase in mortality (chronic heart failure) [3] 5) cardiac catheterization/coronary angiography if indicated by stress testing 6) endomyocardial biopsy if suspecting: hemochromatosis, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, myocarditis 7) sleep study if sleep apnea suspected [3] Radiology: 1) chest X-ray a) cardiomegaly b) pulmonary vascular redistribution c) pleural effusion d) pulmonary edema 2) radionuclide ventriculography 3) cardiac magnetic resonance imaging can assess - myocarditis, hemochromatosis, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis Staging: - see New York Heart Association classification of heart failure - heart failure classification AHH/ACC - Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire Complications: - 5 year mortality rate 75% for heart failure hospitalization, regardless of ejection fraction [85] - majority of deaths occur within 2 years of hospitalization - not associated with increase risk of cancer in men [90] - most elderly hospitalized for heart failure unable to care for self [102] - stasis dermatitis venous stasis peripheral edema Management: 1) evalulate for ischemic heart disease if new onset or worsening heart failure [3,75] - also see acute heart failure 2) correct potential factors that may exacerbate heart failure a) hypertension b) myocardial ischemia c) arrhythmias d) obesity e) inappropriate medications f) dietary indiscretion g) iron-deficiency even in the absence of anemia [29]; - IV iron for patients with serum ferritin < 100 ng/mL with a transferrin saturation < 20% suggested - Venofer 200 mg/week until iron stores are replete, then 200 mg/month for 4-6 months [31] h) treatment of depression of no benefit [71] 3) non-pharmacologic therapy for heart failure a) restriction of physical activity - bedrest to reduce myocardial demand for symptomatic patients - DVT prophylaxis - carefully guided cardiac rehabilitation & exercise - regular aerobic exercise for stable heart failure [8] - exercise as effective as ACE inhibitor, ARB, or beta-blocker for reducing mortality, but less effective than diuretics [52] b) weight loss in obese patients c) dietary sodium restriction < 2 grams/day - uncertain benefits of sodium restriction [68,97] - sodium restriction is not associated lower mortality or fewer hospitalizations in patients with heart failure [120] - sodium restriction may improve symptoms & quality of life [120] d) fluid restriction < 1.5 L/day if hyponatremia <130 meq/L e) consider discontinuation of medications with negative inotropic effects - beta-adrenergic antagonists - verapamil - diltiazem - disopyramide - flecainide f) oxygen g) smoking cessation h) dialysis if fluid overload & renal failure 4) respiratory support a) supplemental oxygen as needed - non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for cardiogenic pulmonary edema &/or pleural effusion b) CPAP for obstructive sleep apnea c) adaptive servo-ventilation for systolic heart failure (LVSD)? 5) pharmacologic therapy for systolic heart failure a) vasodilators - first line treatment in heart failure - ACE inhibitors - indicated even in the absence of symptoms [3] - counteract reflexive activation of renin-angiotensin system - decrease ventricular filling pressures - decrease systemic vascular resistance - increase cardiac output - little or no change in blood pressure - little or no change in heart rate - avoid initiation of ACE inhibitor in setting of hypovolemia - angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB) - patients who cannot tolerate ACE inhibitor - losartan may be as good as candesartan [35] - ARBs as effective as ACE inhibitors in reducing cardiovascular events & may be better tolerated [66] - aliskiren of no benefit added to ACE inhibitor or ARB [45] - hydralazine plus isordil (BiDil) for blqck patients [9,74] - inferior to ACE inhibitor in whites - adjunct to standard therapy in blacks [3] - BiDil 1-2 tabs PO TID - add to ACE inhibitor, beta-blocker & diuretic in black patients with NYC class 3 or 4 heart failure [61] - sacubitril/valsartan (Entresto) - reduces heart failure readmission relative to enalopril [72] - risk for severe hyperkalemia is lower with coadministration of sacubitril/valsartan plus spironolactone than with enalapril plus spironolactone [78] b) beta-blocker, in connection with ACE inhibitor - treatment of chronic, not acute heart failure - carvedilol (Coreg), Toprol XL & bisoprolol (Zebeta) have been shown to improve outcomes [6] - atenolol & metoprolol tartrate also of benefit [24] - lower heart rate associated with lower mortality [27] - titrate to diastolic blood pressure & heart rate [42] - all age groups benefit [70] c) diuretics - loop diuretics for patients with volume overload - torsemide no better than furosemide [114] - adjust dose by input/output records or daily weights - spironolactone (stage 3,4 NYHA-HF) - recent history of recurrent symptoms at rest - NYHA class 3-4 heart failure - eplerenone is alternative if spironolactone not tolerated - check serum K+ & serum creatinine - diuretic resistance can be treated or augmented by - fluid restriction - Na+ restriction - use of diuretic combinations - high-dose spironolactone might be an option for patients with heart failure resistant to loop diuretics [101] d) statins - treat comorbid cardiovascular disease - may not benefit patients with heart failure [23] - rosuvastatin does not diminish 4 year mortality [22] - may benefit elderly (> 65) with heart failure [30] e) antiplatelet agents - treat comorbid cardiovascular disease - aspirin better than warfarin for patients in sinus rhythm [41] f) inotropic agents - digitalis glycosides (digoxin) - digoxin loading dose 0.25 mg PO TID or QID for 1 day - digoxin maintenance dose 0.125-0.25 mg PO QD - may reduce symptoms & hospitalizations, but does not reduce mortality - long-term use not associated with increased mortality [39] g) SGLT2 inhibitors (flozins) may be of benefit in patients with or without diabetes mellitus & systolic heart failure [103] - flozins may improve maximal exercise capacity & quality of life in patients with heart failure HFrEF or HFpEF [119] h) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) - MRAs improve outcomes in heart failure with preserved (HFpEF), reduced (HFrEF), & mildly reduced ejection fraction [122] - finerenone reduces adverse events related to heart failure, HFrEF or HFpEF, & reduces cardiovascular mortality [121 i) anticoagulation if atrial fibrillation j) omega-3 fatty acids 1 g/day may diminish mortality & hospitalization [21,22,23] (2% absolute risk reduction) k) testosterone replacement may be of benefit in men & women [34] l) caffeine not associated with arrhythmias, even with exercise [77] m) inclusion of a pharmacist in a multidisciplinary team reduces all-cause & heart failure-related hospitalizations [58] 6) optimal treatment of diastolic heart failure controversial [39] 7) venovenous ultrafiltration for volume overload 8) mechanical circulatory support a) implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) - NYHA class 2 or 4 heart failure on optimal medical therapy & - prognosis: > 1 year survival anticipated & - ventricular tachycardia, syncope, sudden death, or - ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy with LVEF <35% [59] b) cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) - NYHA class 3,4 heart failure, or - LV ejection fraction <= 35%, or - prolonged QRS duration > 120 msec, LBBB - not useful in patients with narrrow QRS [52] c) ICD/CRT intrathoracic impedance data not only fail to improve outcomes, but increase hospitalizations due to heart failure [38] d) biventricular pacing rather than standard right ventricular pacing better for patient with AV block & LV systolic dysfunction [46] 9) cardiac transplantation or left ventricular assist device - NYHA HF class 4 (see cardiac transplantation) - left ventricular assist device if recent cancer [3] 10) wireless pulmonary artery sensor may provide early warning of worsening heart failure [36] 11) stem cell transplantation - transendocardial implantation of autologuous bone marrow mononuclear cells of no benefit [40] - intramyocardial injection of mesenchymal precursor cells of no benefit [100] 12) also see heart failure classification AHH/ACC 13) follow-up after hospitalization or emergency department visit for heart failure a) most readmissions for heart failure have preventable causes b) follow-up physician appointment within 1 week [3,49,98] c) 30-day hospital readmission similar after early telephone contact by non-physicians vs in-person primary care visits [110] d) heart failure management programs of uncertain value [20] - multidisciplinary, symptom-directed, collaborative care did not improve health status, but improved depression & fatigue [89] e) home-visits - reduce all-cause hospital readmissions & mortality over 3-6 months [65] - nurse home visits after hospitalization of elderly improve outcomes; these improved outcomes are worth the cost [107] - multidisciplinary home-based care & 'hospital at home' model reduce use of acute in-patient hospital care [116] f) telemedicine - telemonitoring of patients after hospitalization for heart failure of uncertain value [33] - telemedicine program many diminish mortality in patients with preserved or reduced LVEF if patients with major depression excluded [93] - remote optimization of guideline-directed medical therapy for hear failure may worsen renal function [109] g) most elderly hospitalized for heart failure unable to care for self [102] h) palliative care may be appropriate for many patients [62,82] 14) rehabilitation - exercise training - improves quality of life - reduces hospitalizations [39,55] - does not reduce 1 year mortality [55] 15) lifestyle - moderate alcohol consumption is associated with longer survival among patients with heart failure - 1-7 drinks weekly after diagnosis of heart failure associated with 383 days of additonal survival [99] 16) prevention: see prevention of heart failure 17) prognosis - 1 year mortality after hospitalization for heart failure is 32% [106] - cardiovascular events (43%), neoplasms (15%), infections (13%), chronic respiratory conditions (12%) - influenza & pneumonia most common infections [106] - poor health literacy adversely effects outcomes [37] - patients generally have little knowledge about their illness & life-extending treatments [84] - wearable device may predict rehospitalization [108] 28) compliance with guidelines subpar [94] 19) incorporation of palliative care into the management of heart failure [82] - few patients with heart failure receive hospice care [92] - difficulty in prognosis is a major barrier to hospice referral [92] Notes: - CMS hospital core measures for heart failure [3] - left ventricular function assessment - ACE inhibitor or ARB for LV systolic dysfunction - discharge instructions: - symptom reporting - review of home medications - activity guidelines - diet guidelines - follow-up appointment - weight monitoring instructions - adult smoking cessation counseling

Interactions

disease interactions

Related

cardiomyopathy drugs that may cause or exacerbate heart failure heart failure classification AHH/ACC New York Heart Association classification of heart failure prevention of heart failure screening questions for heart failure (FACES) Seattle heart failure model third heart sound (S3), S3 gallop

Specific

acute heart failure (AHF) atrial failure; atrial insufficiency; atrial dysfunction; atrial myopathy; atrial cardiopathy chronic heart failure; congestive heart failure (CHF) congestive heart failure diastolic heart failure heart failure compensated heart failure decompensated; heart failure exacerbation left ventricular failure right ventricular failure; right heart failure systolic heart failure

General

heart disease (cardiac disease)

References

  1. Manual of Medical Therapeutics, 28th ed, Ewald & McKenzie (eds), Little, Brown & Co, Boston, 1995, pg 114-137
  2. Saunders Manual of Medical Practice, Rakel (ed), WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1996, pg 243-245
  3. Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, 2022. - Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 19 Board Basics. An Enhancement to MKSAP19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2022
  4. Watson K, in: UCLA Intensive Course in Geriatric Medicine & Board Review, Marina Del Ray, CA, Sept 12-15, 2001
  5. Journal Watch 22(18):144, 2002 Kenchaiah S et al Obesity and the risk of heart failure. N Engl J Med 347:305, 2002 PMID: 12151467
  6. Prescriber's Letter 10(8):44 2003
  7. Prescriber's Letter 10(10):58 2003
  8. Journal Watch 24(6):50-51, 2004 Piepoli MF et al, ExTraMATCH Collaborative Exercise training meta-analysis of trials in patients with chronic heart failure (ExTraMATCH). BMJ 328:189, 2004 PMID: 14729656 http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/328/7433/189
  9. Journal Watch 24(24):181, 2004 Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C, Carson P, D'Agostino R Jr, Ferdinand K, Taylor M, Adams K, Sabolinski M, Worcel M, Cohn JN; African-American Heart Failure Trial Investigators. Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004 Nov 11;351(20):2049-57. Epub 2004 Nov 08. PMID: 15533851
  10. Hunt SA et al American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association. 2009 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the diagnosis and management of heart failure in adults [trunc]. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009 Apr 14;53(15):e1-e90. PMID: 19358937 corresponding NGC guideline updated March 2014 - Hunt SA et al Developed in Collaboration With the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult-Summary Article A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 Sep 20;46(6):1116-43. (No abstract) PMID: 16168304
  11. Rutten FH et al, Recognising heart failure in elderly patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care: Cross sectional diagnostic study BMJ 2005; 331:1379 PMID: 16321994
  12. Foody JM, Shah R, Galusha D, Masoudi FA, Havranek EP, Krumholz HM. Statins and mortality among elderly patients hospitalized with heart failure. Circulation. 2006 Feb 28;113(8):1086-92. Epub 2006 Feb 20. PMID: 16490817
  13. McAlister FA, Ghali WA, Gong Y, Fang J, Armstrong PW, Tu JV. Aspirin use and outcomes in a community-based cohort of 7352 patients discharged after first hospitalization for heart failure. Circulation. 2006 Jun 6;113(22):2572-8. Epub 2006 May 30. PMID: 16735672 - Jhund P, McMurray JJ. Does aspirin reduce the benefit of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor? Choosing between the Scylla of observational studies and the Charybdis of subgroup analysis. Circulation. 2006 Jun 6;113(22):2566-8. No abstract available. PMID: 16754810
  14. Ingelsson E, Bjorklund-Bodegard K, Lind L, Arnlov J, Sundstrom J. Diurnal blood pressure pattern and risk of congestive heart failure. JAMA. 2006 Jun 28;295(24):2859-66. PMID: 16804152
  15. Owan TE et al, Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction N Engl J Med 2006; 355:251 PMID: 16855265 - Bhatia RS et al, Outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in a population-based study. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:260 PMID: 16855266
  16. Go AS et al, Statin therapy and risks for death and hospitalization in chronic heart failure. JAMA 2006, 296:2105 PMID: 17077375 http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/296/17/2105
  17. Held C et al, for the ONTARGET/TRANSCEND Investigators. Glucose levels predict hospitalization for congestive heart failure in patients at high cardiovascular risk. Circulation 2007, 115:1371 PMID: 17339550 - Petrie MC & McMurray JJV Dysglycemia and heart failure hospitalization: What is the link? Circulation 2007, 115:1334 PMID: 17372185
  18. Okin PM etl al, Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy is associated with less hospitalization for heart failure in hypertensive patients. Ann Intern Med 2007, 147:311 PMID: 17785486
  19. Gheorghiade M et al, Characterization and prognostic value of persistent hyponatremia in patients with severe heart failure in the ESCAPE trial. Arch Intern Med 2007, 167:1998 PMID: 17923601
  20. Jaarsma T, van der Wal MH, Lesman-Leegte I et al; Coordinating Study Evaluating Outcomes of Advising and Counseling in Heart Failure (COACH) Investigators. Effect of moderate or intensive disease management program on outcome in patients with heart failure: Coordinating Study Evaluating Outcomes of Advising and Counseling in Heart Failure (COACH). Arch Intern Med. 2008 Feb 11;168(3):316-24. PMID: 18268174
  21. Gissi-Hf Investigators. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2008 Aug 29. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18757090
  22. GISSI-HF Investigators. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008 Oct 4; 372:1223. PMID: 18757090
  23. Prescriber's Letter 15(11): 2008 Statins and Fish Oil for Heart Failure Detail-Document#: 241103 (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
  24. Go AS et al, Comparative effectiveness of differences beta-adrenergic antagonist on mortality among adults with heart failure in clinical practice. Arch Intern Med 2008, 168(2):2415-2421 PMID: 19064823
  25. Hunt SA et al 2009 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Apr 14;53(15):e1-e90. PMID: 19358937 corresponding NGC guideline updated March 2014 - Jessup M et al 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation. 2009 Apr 14;119(14):1977-2016. Epub 2009 Mar 26. PMID: 19324967 - Hunt SA et al 2009 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation. 2009 Apr 14;119(14):e391-479. Epub 2009 Mar 26. PMID: 19324966
  26. Kalogeropoulos A et al. Epidemiology of incident heart failure in a contemporary elderly cohort: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. Arch Intern Med 2009 Apr 13; 169:708. PMID: 19365001
  27. McAlister FA et al. Meta-analysis: beta-blocker dose, heart rate reduction, and death in patients with heart failure. Ann Intern Med 2009 Jun 2; 150:784. PMID: 19487713
  28. Jackson CE et al Albuminuria in chronic heart failure: prevalence and prognostic importance The Lancet, Volume 374, Issue 9689, Pages 543 - 550, 15 August 2009 PMID: 19683640 http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(09)61378-7/fulltext
  29. Anker SD et al Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency. N Engl J Med 2009 Nov 17 http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0908355 - Dec GW Anemia and iron deficiency - New therapeutic targets in heart failure? N Engl J Med 2009 Nov 17 http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe0910313
  30. Foody JM, Shah R, Galusha D, Masoudi FA, Havranek EP, Krumholz HM. Statins and mortality among elderly patients hospitalized with heart failure. Circulation. 2006 Feb 28;113(8):1086-92. Epub 2006 Feb 20. PMID: 16490817
  31. Prescriber's Letter 17(1): 2010 using IV iron to improve heart failure symptoms (discussion) no Detail-Document (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
  32. Heart Failure Society of American, Guideline Committee Members HFSA 2010 Guideline Executive Summary Executive Summary: HFSA 2010 Comprehensive Heart Failure Practice Guideline http://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/webfiles/images/journals/yjcaf/Guidelines.pdf
  33. Chaudhry SI et al. Telemonitoring in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 2010 Nov 16; PMID: 21080835 http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1010029 - Desai AS and Stevenson LW. Connecting the circle from home to heart-failure disease management. N Engl J Med 2010 Nov 16 PMID: 21080836 http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe1011769
  34. Iellamo F et al Testosterone therapy in women with chronic heart failure: A pilot double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010 Oct 12; 56:1310. PMID: 20888520
  35. Eklind-Cervenka M et al Association of Candesartan vs Losartan With All-Cause Mortality in Patients With Heart Failure JAMA. 2011;305(2):175-182 PMID: 21224459 http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/305/2/175.short - Svanstrom H et al Association of Treatment With Losartan vs Candesartan and Mortality Among Patients With Heart Failure Association of Treatment With Losartan vs Candesartan and Mortality Among Patients With Heart Failure JAMA. 2012;307(14):1506-1512 PMID: 22496265 http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/307/14/1506.short
  36. Abraham WT et al. for the CHAMPION Trial Study Group. Wireless pulmonary artery haemodynamic monitoring in chronic heart failure: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2011 Feb 19; 377:658. PMID: 21315441
  37. Peterson PN et al. Health literacy and outcomes among patients with heart failure. JAMA 2011 Apr 27; 305:1695 PMID: 21521851
  38. van Veldhuisen DJ et al Intrathoracic impedance monitoring, audible patient alerts, and outcome in patients with heart failure. Circulation 2011 Oct 18; 124:1719. PMID: 21931078 - Udelson JE. T.M.I. (too much information)? Circulation 2011 Oct 18; 124:1697 PMID: 21931082
  39. Geriatric Review Syllabus, 7th edition Parada JT et al (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2010 - Geriatric Review Syllabus, 8th edition (GRS8) Durso SC and Sullivan GN (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2013 - Geriatric Review Syllabus, 10th edition (GRS10) Harper GM, Lyons WL, Potter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2019
  40. Perin EC et al. Effect of transendocardial delivery of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells on functional capacity, left ventricular function, and perfusion in chronic heart failure: The FOCUS-CCTRN trial. JAMA 2012 Mar 24 PMID: 22447880 http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/307/16/1717
  41. Homma S et al Warfarin and Aspirin in Patients with Heart Failure and Sinus Rhythm N Engl J Med, May 2, 2012 PMID: 22551105 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1202299 - Eikelboom JW and Connolly SJ Warfarin in Heart Failure N Engl J Med, May 2, 2012 PMID: 22551103 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1202504
  42. Fiuzat M et al. Relationship of beta-blocker dose with outcomes in ambulatory heart failure patients with systolic dysfunction: Results from the HF-ACTION (Heart Failure: A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012 Apr 18; PMID: 22560018 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109712011448
  43. Dunlay SM et al. Advance directives in community patients with heart failure. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2012 May; 5:283 PMID: 22581852
  44. ARUP Consult: Heart Failure The Physician's Guide to Laboratory Test Selection & Interpretation https://www.arupconsult.com/content/heart-failure
  45. Gheorghiade M et al. Effect of aliskiren on postdischarge mortality and heart failure readmissions among patients hospitalized for heart failure: The ASTRONAUT randomized trial. JAMA 2013 Mar 11 PMID: 23478743
  46. Curtis AB et al. Biventricular pacing for atrioventricular block and systolic dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2013 Apr 25; 368:1585 PMID: 23614585 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1210356
  47. Yancy CW et al 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure. A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. June 2013 PMID: 23747642 http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1695825 corresponding NGC guideline withdrawn May 2017
  48. Goldberg LR. Heart failure. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Jun 1;152(11):ITC61-15 PMID: 20513825
  49. Hernandez AF, Greiner MA, Fonarow GC et al Relationship between early physician follow-up and 30-day readmission among Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized for heart failure. JAMA. 2010 May 5;303(17):1716-22. PMID: 20442387
  50. Heart Failure Society of America, Lindenfeld J et al HFSA 2010 Comprehensive Heart Failure Practice Guideline. J Card Fail. 2010 Jun;16(6):e1-194. PMID: 20610207
  51. Ruschitzka F et al. for the EchoCRT Study Group. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with a narrow QRS complex. N Engl J Med 2013 Sep 1 PMID: 23998714 - Yancy CW and McMurray JJV. ECG - Still the best for selecting patients for CRT. N Engl J Med 2013 Sep 1 PMID: 23998715
  52. Naci H and Ioannidis JPA Comparative effectiveness of exercise and drug interventions on mortality outcomes: metaepidemiological study. BMJ 2013;347:f5577 PMID: 24473061 http://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f5577
  53. Palazzuoli A, Gallotta M, Quatrini I, Nuti R. Natriuretic peptides (BNP and NT-proBNP): measurement and relevance in heart failure. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2010 Jun 1;6:411-8. Review. PMID: 20539843
  54. Wahlquist C et al. Inhibition of miR-25 improves cardiac contractility in the failing heart. Nature 2014 Apr 24; 508:531. PMID: 24670661
  55. Taylor RS, Sagar VA, Davies EJ et al Exercise-based rehabilitation for heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Apr 27;4:CD003331 PMID: 24771460
  56. Zhang L, Dokainish H. Echocardiography in the assessment of heart failure. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2009 Aug;57(4):457-66. PMID: 19763068
  57. Carerj S1, Zito C, Di Bella G et al Heart failure diagnosis: the role of echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2009 Jan 1;14:2688-703. PMID: 19273228
  58. Koshman SL, Charrois TL, Simpson SH et al Pharmacist care of patients with heart failure: a systematic review of randomized trials. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Apr 14;168(7):687-94. Review. PMID: 18413550
  59. Al-Khatib SM et al. Association between prophylactic implantable cardioverter- defibrillators and survival in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction between 30% and 35%. JAMA 2014 Jun 4; 311:2209. PMID: 24893088
  60. McMurray JJV et al. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2014 Aug 30; PMID: 25176015 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1409077 - Sacks CA, Jarcho JA, Curfman GD Paradigm Shifts in Heart-Failure Therapy - A Timeline. N Engl J Med. September 3, 2014 PMID: 25184412 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1410241 - N Engl J Med. Selected Randomized, Controlled Trials in Heart Failure Published in NEJM since 1986. Interactive Timeline http://www.nejm.org/action/showMediaPlayer?doi=10.1056/NEJMp1410241&aid=NEJMp1410241_attach_1
  61. Rosendorff C et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients with coronary artery disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and American Society of Hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015 May 12; 65:1998 PMID: 25840655
  62. Khan RF et al Symptom Burden Among Patients Who Were Hospitalized for Heart Failure. JAMA Intern Med. Published online August 17, 2015. PMID: 26280896 http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2429103
  63. Heran BS, Musini VM, Bassett K, Taylor RS, Wright JM Angiotensin receptor blockers for heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Apr 18;4:CD003040 PMID: 22513909
  64. Fleming LM, Kociol RD. Interventions for heart failure readmissions: successes and failures. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2014 Jun;11(2):178-87 PMID: 24578234
  65. Feltner C, Jones CD, Cene CW et al. Transitional care interventions to prevent readmissions for persons with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160:774-784. PMID: 24862840
  66. Bangalore S et al Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in Patients Without Heart Failure? Insights From 254,301 Patients From Randomized Trials. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2016. Jan 91(1):51-60 PMID: 26763511 http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196%2815%2900856-3/abstract
  67. Alba GA, Truong QA, Gaggin HK et al Diagnostic and Prognostic Utility of Procalcitonin in Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Dyspnea. Am J Med. 2016 Jan;129(1):96-104.e7 PMID: 26169892
  68. Doukky R et al. Impact of dietary sodium restriction on heart failure outcomes. JACC Heart Fail 2016 Jan; 4:24 PMID: 26738949 - Hummel SL, Konerman MC. Dietary sodium restriction in heart failure: A recommendation worth its salt? JACC Heart Fail 2016 Jan; 4:36 PMID: 26738950 - Yancy CW. The uncertainty of sodium restriction in heart failure: We can do better than this. JACC Heart Fail 2016 Jan; 4:39. PMID: 26738951
  69. WRITING COMMITTEE MEMBERS, Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B et al 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/ American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2013 Oct 15;128(16):e240-327. PMID: 23741058 Free Article corresponding NGC guideline withdrawn May 2017
  70. Kotecha D et al. Effect of age and sex on efficacy and tolerability of beta- blockers in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: Individual patient data meta-analysis. BMJ 2016;353:i1855 PMID: 27098105 Free PMC Article http://www.bmj.com/content/353/bmj.i1855 - Hoes AW. beta-Blockers for heart failure. BMJ 2016;353:i2074 PMID: 27099266 Free PMC Article http://www.bmj.com/content/353/bmj.i2074
  71. Angermann CE, Gelbrich G, Stork S et al Effect of Escitalopram on All-Cause Mortality and Hospitalization in Patients With Heart Failure and Depression. The MOOD-HF Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016;315(24):2683-2693 PMID: 27367876 http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2530538
  72. Desai AS et al Influence of Sacubitril/Valsartan (LCZ696) on 30-Day Readmission After Heart Failure Hospitalization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(3):241-248 PMID: 27417000 Free Article http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=2532918 - Mentz RJ, O'Brien EC Can 2 Pills a Day Keep Readmission Away? Sacubitril/Valsartan to Reduce 30-Day Heart Failure Readmissions. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(3):249-251 PMID: 27417001
  73. Manzano L, Escobar C, Cleland JG, Flather M. Diagnosis of elderly patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012 Oct;14(10):1097-103. Review. PMID: 22771845 Free Article
  74. Cole RT, Kalogeropoulos AP, Georgiopoulou VV et al Hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate in heart failure: historical perspective, mechanisms, and future directions. Circulation. 2011 May 31;123(21):2414-22. Review. PMID: 21632515 Free Article - Cole RT, Gupta D, Butler J. Current perspectives on hydralazine and nitrate therapies in heart failure. Heart Fail Clin. 2014 Oct;10(4):565-76. PMID: 25217432 - Ferdinand KC, Elkayam U, Mancini D et al Use of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in African-Americans with heart failure 9 years after the African-American Heart Failure Trial. Am J Cardiol. 2014 Jul 1;114(1):151-9. Review. PMID: 24846808 Free Article - Anand IS, Win S, Rector TS, Cohn JN, Taylor AL. Effect of fixed-dose combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine on all hospitalizations and on 30-day readmission rates in patients with heart failure: results from the African-American Heart Failure Trial. Circ Heart Fail. 2014 Sep;7(5):759-65. PMID: 24970468 Free Article - Taylor AL, Sabolinski ML, Tam SW et al Effect of fixed-dose combined isosorbide dinitrate/hydralazine in elderly patients in the African-American heart failure trial. J Card Fail. 2012 Aug;18(8):600-6. PMID: 22858074
  75. Doshi D et al. Underutilization of coronary artery disease testing among patients hospitalized with new-onset heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016 Aug 2; 68:450. PMID: 27470451 - Young JB and Stehlik J. Ischemic heart disease in new-onset heart failure, or finding Waldo: Where's Waldo? J Am Coll Cardiol 2016 Aug 2; 68:459. PMID: 27470452
  76. Lou N NT-proBNP-Targeted Tx Not Better in Post-Acute HF, PRIMA II trial shows no readmission, mortality benefit overall. MEDPAGE Today. Sept 22, 2016 cites Heart Failure Society of America Annual Meeting Sept 2016 http://www.medpagetoday.com/Cardiology/CHF/60413
  77. Zuchinali P, Souza GC, Pimentel M et al. Short-term effects of high-dose caffeine on cardiac arrhythmias in patients with heart failure: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2016 Oct 17; [e-pub] PMID: 27749954 http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2569283
  78. Desai AS, Vardeny O, Claggett B et al Reduced Risk of Hyperkalemia During Treatment of Heart Failure With Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists by Use of Sacubitril/ Valsartan Compared With Enalapril. A Secondary Analysis of the PARADIGM-HF Trial. JAMA Cardiol. Published online November 14, 2016 PMID: 27842179 http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/article-abstract/2583456 - Ezekowitz JA Hyperkalemia, Sacubitril/Valsartan, and Mineralocorticoid Antagonists in Patients With Heart Failure. JAMA Cardiol. Published online November 14, 2016 PMID: 27842180 http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/article-abstract/2583455
  79. McQuade CN, Mizus M, Wald JW et al Brain-Type Natriuretic Peptide and Amino-Terminal Pro=Brain-Type Natriuretic Peptide Discharge Thresholds for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: A Systematic Review. Ann Intern Med. 2016 Nov 29 PMID: 27894126 http://annals.org/aim/article/2588460/brain-type-natriuretic-peptide-amino-terminal-pro-brain-type-natriuretic - Felker GM, Whellan DJ Inpatient Management of Heart Failure: Are We Shooting at the Right Target? Ann Intern Med. 2016 Nov PMID: 27894128 http://annals.org/aim/article/2588750/inpatient-management-heart-failure-we-shooting-right-target
  80. Yancy CW et al 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation. 2017. copublished in J Am Coll of Cardiol http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/circulationaha/early/2017/04/26/CIR.0000000000000509.full.pdf
  81. Hall PS, Nah G, Howard BV et al. Reproductive factors and incidence of heart failure hospitalization in the Women's Health Initiative. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017 May 15; PMID: 28521890 - Scott NS. Understanding hormones, menopause, and heart failure: Still a work in progress. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017 May 15 PMID: 28521891
  82. McIlvennan CK, Allen LA. Palliative care in patients with heart failure. BMJ. 2016;353:i1010 PMID: 27079896 Free full text
  83. Carey SA, Bass K, Saracino G et al. Probability of accurate heart failure diagnosis and the implications for hospital readmissions. Am J Cardiol 2017 Apr 1; 119:1041-1046 PMID: 28132683
  84. Ambardekar AV, Thibodeau JT, DeVore AD et al. Discordant perceptions of prognosis and treatment options between physicians and patients with advanced heart failure. JACC Heart Fail 2017 Sep; 5:663 PMID: 28822745 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213177917302792
  85. Shah KS, Xu H, Matsouaka RA et al Heart Failure With Preserved, Borderline, and Reduced Ejection Fraction. 5-Year Outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol Nov 2017 PMID: 2914178 http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/early/2017/10/31/j.jacc.2017.08.074 - Steinberg BA, Fang JC Long-Term Outcomes of Acute Heart Failure. Where Are We Now? J Am Coll Cardiol Nov 2017 PMID: 29141782 http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/early/2017/10/30/j.jacc.2017.08.075
  86. Ellison DH, Felker GM Diuretic Treatment in Heart Failure. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:1964-1975. November 16, 2017 PMID: 29141174 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1703100
  87. Evans JDW, Dobbin SJH, Pettit SJ et al High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin and New-Onset Heart Failure. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 67,063 Patients With 4,165 Incident Heart Failure Events. JACC: Heart Failure. January 2018 PMID: 29331272 http://heartfailure.onlinejacc.org/content/early/2018/01/02/j.jchf.2017.11.003 - Jaffe AS, Miller WL. Meta-Analyses and Interpretation of Troponin Values in Heart Failure. JACC: Heart Failure. January 2018 PMID: 29331273 http://heartfailure.onlinejacc.org/content/early/2018/01/02/j.jchf.2017.12.001
  88. Qureshi WT, Zhang ZM, Chang PP et al. Silent myocardial infarction and long-term risk of heart failure: The ARIC study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018 Jan 2; 71:1. PMID: 29301615 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109717414380 - Gibson CM, Nafee T, Kerneis M. Silent myocardial infarction: Listen to the evidence. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018 Jan 2; 71:9. PMID: 29301632 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073510971741432X
  89. Bekelman DB, Allen LA, McBryde CF et al. Effect of a collaborative care intervention vs usual care on health status of patients with chronic heart failure: The CASA randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2018 Feb 26; PMID: 29482218
  90. Selvaraj S, Bhatt DL, Claggett B, et al Lack of Association Between Heart Failure and Incident Cancer. J Am Coll Cardiol. April 2018 17(14): PMID: 29622155 http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/71/14/1501
  91. Wong JA, Conen D, Van Gelder IC et al. Progression of device-detected subclinical atrial fibrillation and the risk of heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018 Jun 12; 71:2603. PMID: 29880119 - Glotzer TV. The cacophony of silent atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018 Jun 12; 71:2612. PMID: 29880120
  92. Warraich HJ, Xu H, DeVore AD et al Trends in Hospice Discharge and Relative Outcomes Among Medicare Patients in the Get With The Guidelines - Heart Failure Registry. JAMA Cardiol. Published online August 29, 2018. PMID: 30167645 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2698088 - Nakagawa S, Garan AR Hospice Use and Palliative Care for Patients With Heart Failure. Never Say Never in Medicine, but It Is Never Too Early to Start the Conversation. JAMA Cardiol. Published online August 29, 2018 PMID: 30167629 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2698087
  93. Koehler F, Koehler K, Deckwart O et al. Efficacy of telemedical interventional management in patients with heart failure (TIM-HF2): A randomised, controlled, parallel-group, unmasked trial. Lancet 2018 Aug 24; PMID: 30153985 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31880-4/fulltext - Cleland JFG. Clark RA. Telehealth: Delivering high-quality care for heart failure. Lancet 2018 Aug 24 PMID: 3015398 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31995-0/fulltext
  94. Greene SJ, Butler J, Albert NM et al. Medical therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: The CHAMP-HF registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018 Jul 24; 72:351 PMID: 30025570 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109718349064
  95. Lee KK, Yang J, Hernandez AF, Steimle AE, Go AS. Post-discharge Follow-up Characteristics Associated With 30-Day Readmission After Heart Failure Hospitalization. Med Care. 2016 Apr;54(4):365-72. PMID: 26978568 Free PMC Article
  96. Mahtani KR, Heneghan C, Onakpoya I et al Reduced Salt Intake for Heart Failure. A Systematic Review. JAMA Intern Med. Published online November 5, 2018. PMID: 30398532 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2712563
  97. Jessup M, Brozena S. Heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2003 May 15;348(20):2007-18. Review. PMID: 12748317 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra021498
  98. Atzema CL, Austin PC, Yu B et al Effect of early physician follow-up on mortality and subsequent hospital admissions after emergency care for heart failure: a retrospective cohort study. CMAJ December 17, 2018 190 (50) E1468-E1477; PMID: 30559279 http://www.cmaj.ca/content/190/50/E1468
  99. Sadhu JS, Novak E,Mukamal KJ et al Association of Alcohol Consumption After Development of Heart Failure With Survival Among Older Adults in the Cardiovascular Health Study. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(8):e186383 Not indexed in PubMed https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2719576
  100. Yau TM, Pagani FD, Mancini DM et al. Intramyocardial injection of mesenchymal precursor cells and successful temporary weaning from left ventricular assist device support in patients with advanced heart failure: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2019 Mar 26; 321:1176. PMID: 30912838 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2728925 - Curfman G. Stem cell therapy for heart failure: An unfulfilled promise? JAMA 2019 Mar 26; 321:1186. PMID: 30912818 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2728902
  101. Bansal S, Munoz K, Brune S et al High-Dose Spironolactone When Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Are Resistant to Loop Diuretics: A Pilot Study. Ann Intern Med. 2019. July 16. PMID: 31307058 https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2738163/high-dose-spironolactone-when-patients-acute-decompensated-heart-failure-resistant
  102. Vidan MT, Martin Sanchez FJ, Sanchez E et al. Most elderly patients hospitalized for heart failure lack the abilities needed to perform the tasks required for self-care: Impact on outcomes. Eur J Heart Fail 2019 Aug 1; PMID: 31373161 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ejhf.1559
  103. McMurray JJV, Solomon SF, Inzucchi SE et al Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med Sept 19, 2019 PMID: 31535829 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1911303 - Fang JC Heart-Failure Therapy - New Drugs but Old Habits? N Engl J Med Sept 19, 2019 PMID: 31535828 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1912180
  104. Passantino A, Guida P, Lagioia R et al Predictors of Long-Term Mortality in Older Patients Hospitalized for Acutely Decompensated Heart Failure: Clinical Relevance of Natriuretic Peptides. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017 Apr;65(4):822-826. PMID: 27889914
  105. Yasgur BS Drugs That Worsen Heart Failure Common in Hospitalized HF Medscape - Nov 11, 2019. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/921095 - Goyal P, Kneifati-Hayek J, Archambault A et al Prescribing Patterns of Heart Failure-Exacerbating Medications Following a Heart Failure Hospitalization. JACC Heart Fail. 2019 Nov 4. pii: S2213-1779(19)30724-3. PMID: 31706836 http://heartfailure.onlinejacc.org/content/early/2019/11/04/j.jchf.2019.08.007 - Page RL 2nd, O'Bryant CL, Cheng D et al Drugs That May Cause or Exacerbate Heart Failure. A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;134:e32-e69 PMID: 27400984
  106. Conrad N, Judge A, Canoy D et al. Temporal trends and patterns in mortality after incident heart failure: A longitudinal analysis of 86,000 individuals. JAMA Cardiol 2019 Sep 3; 4:1102. PMID: 31479100 Free PMC Article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2749525
  107. Blum MR, Oien H, Carmichael HL et al. Cost-effectiveness of transitional care services after hospitalization with heart failure. Ann Intern Med 2020 Jan 28; PMID: 31986526 https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2759786/cost-effectiveness-transitional-care-services-after-hospitalization-heart-failure
  108. Stehlik J, Schmalfuss S, Bozkurt B et al. Continuous wearable monitoring analytics predict heart failure hospitalization: The LINK-HF multicenter study. Circ Heart Fail 2020 Mar; 13:e006513 PMID: 32093506 https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006513
  109. Desai AS, Maclean T, Blood AJ et al. Remote optimization of guideline-directed medical therapy in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. JAMA Cardiol 2020 Sep 16; PMID: 32936209 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/article-abstract/2770428
  110. Lee KK et al. The heart failure readmission intervention by variable early follow-up (THRIVE) study: A pragmatic randomized trial. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2020 Sep 24; [e-pub] PMID: 32967439 https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.120.006553
  111. Beck DL Heart Failure Redefined With New Classifications, Staging. Medscape - Mar 08, 2021. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/947048 - Bozkurt B et al Universal Definition and Classification of Heart Failure. A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, Japanese Heart Failure Society and Writing Committee of the Universal Definition of Heart Failure. J Cardiac Failure. 2021. 27(4):387-414. April 1. PMID: 33663906 https://www.onlinejcf.com/article/S1071-9164(21)00050-6/fulltext
  112. Greene SJ, Butler J, Spertus JA et al. Comparison of New York Heart Association class and patient-reported outcomes for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. JAMA Cardiol 2021 Mar 24; [e-pub]. PMID: 33760037 PMCID: PMC7992023 (available on 2022-03-24) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/article-abstract/2777640
  113. Heidenreich PA et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022 Apr 1; [e-pub] PMID: 35363499 Review. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0735109721083959
  114. Mentz RJ, Anstrom KJ, Eisenstein EL et al Effect of Torsemide vs Furosemide After Discharge on All-Cause Mortality in Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure. The TRANSFORM-HF Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2023;329(3):214-223 PMID: 36648467 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2800428
  115. Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al Writing Committee Members. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 May 3;79(17):1757-1780. PMID: 35379504 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109721083947
  116. LaFave S, Drazich B, Sheehan OC, et al. The value of home-based primary care: qualitative exploration of homebound participant perspectives. J Appl Gerontol. 2021;40:1611-1616. PMID: 33090065
  117. Wu A. Heart failure. Ann Intern Med. 2018;168:ITC81-ITC96. PMID: 29868816.
  118. Bozkurt B et al Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes Statistics: A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America. Journal of Cardiac Failure. 2023. Sept 26. Not indexed in PubMed https://onlinejcf.com/article/S1071-9164(23)00264-6/fulltext
  119. Gao M, Bhatia K, Kapoor A et al SGLT2 Inhibitors, Functional Capacity, and Quality of Life in Patients With Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Apr 1;7(4):e245135. PMID: 38573633 Free article. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2817144
  120. Colin-Ramirez E, Sepehrvand N, Rathwell S et al Sodium Restriction in Patients With Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Circ Heart Fail. 2023 Jan;16(1):e009879. PMID: 36373551
  121. Solomon SD et al. Finerenone in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2024 Sep 1; [e-pub]. PMID: 39225278 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2407107
  122. Jhund PS, Talebi A, Henderson AD et al Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in heart failure: an individual patient level meta-analysis. Lancet. 2024 Aug 30:S0140-6736(24)01733-1. PMID: 39232490 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01733-1/fulltext