gremlin-1 (cysteine knot superfamily 1 BMP antagonist 1, increased in high glucose protein 2, IHG-2, down-regulated in Mos-transformed cells protein, proliferation-inducing gene 2 protein, GREM1, CKTSF1B1, DAND2, DRM, PIG2)

Function: 1) cytokine 2) role during carcinogenesis 3) role in metanephric kidney organogenesis 4) BMP antagonist - down-regulates the BMP4 signaling in a dose-dependent manner 5) early limb outgrowth & patterning in maintaining FGF4-SHH feedback loop 6) inhibitor of monocyte chemotaxis 7) interacts with SLIT1 & SLIT2 in a glycosylation-dependent manner 8) induced by high glucose through TGF-beta 1-mediated pathways in mesangial cell 9) down-regulated in tumor cell lines Compartment: secreted Alternative splicing: named isoforms=2 Expression: - expressed in small intestine, fetal brain, colon > brain, ovary, prostate, pancreas & skeletal muscle - in brain found in the region localized around internal capsule, large subcortical nuclei, including caudate, putamen, substantia nigra, thalamus, subthalamus - expressed in normal cells including neurons, astrocytes, fibroblasts

Properties

SIZE: MW = 21 kD entity length = 184 aa COMPARTMENT: extracellular compartment MOTIF: signal sequence {1-24} N-glycosylation site {N42} CTCK {94-184} MOTIF: cysteine residue {C94} MODIFICATION: cysteine residue {C144} cysteine residue {C108} MODIFICATION: cysteine residue {C158} cysteine residue {C118} MODIFICATION: cysteine residue {C176} cysteine residue {C122} MODIFICATION: cysteine residue {C178} cysteine residue {C144} MODIFICATION: cysteine residue {C94} cysteine residue {C158} MODIFICATION: cysteine residue {C108} cysteine residue {C176} MODIFICATION: cysteine residue {C118} cysteine residue {C178} MODIFICATION: cysteine residue {C122}

Database Correlations

OMIM 603054 UniProt O60565 Pfam PF03045

References

UniProt :accession O60565