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extrapyramidal sign/symptom
Acute dystonic reactions, akathesia, restlessness, parkinsonism & tardive dyskinesia.
Etiology:
- pharmacologic causes:
1) butyrophenones (e.g. haloperidol, thioridazine)
2) levodopa
3) methyldopa
4) metoclopramide
5) oral contraceptives
6) phenothiazines
7) tricyclic antidepressants
Clinical manifestations:
- akathisia
- dystonia
- muscle stiffness
- parkinsonism
- tardive dyskinesia
Management:
- see tardive dyskinesia
Related
extrapyramidal motor system
parkinsonism
Specific
akathisia
dyskinesia
dystonia
General
sign/symptom
References
- Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed.
Companion Handbook, Isselbacher et al (eds), McGraw-Hill
Inc. NY, 1995, pg 829-39
- Saunders Manual of Medical Practice, Rakel (ed),
WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1996, pg 1146.
- Caroff SN, Campbell EC.
Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Syndromes: Implications for
Contemporary Practice.
Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2016 Sep;39(3):391-411. Review.
PMID: 27514296