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exosome; ectosome; oncosome

Function: - implicated in trafficking of molecules between cells [4] Structure: - membrane bound vesicles of endocytic origin that contain lipids, DNA, RNA, & proteins - exosomes have a diameter of 30-150 nm [5] Pathology: - exosomes are released by malignant cells, travel to the distant organs, & prepare it to foster growth of metastatic cells [1,2] Compartment: - found in almost all biological fluids, including blood, saliva, & urine [3] Expression: - CD9 is a surface marker of exosomes - syntexin-1 is an internal exosome cargo protein [6] Laboratory: - sound waves to may be able to separate exosomes from undiluted whole blood samples on a microchip [3] - exosomes derived from tissues affected by disease may serve as a source of disease biomarkers - immunocapture of neuronally derived circulating exosomes using anti-L1CAM antibodies may serve as a proxy biomarker of brain pathology - neuronally derived extracellular vesicle alpha-synuclein Ag in serum may serve as a biomarker for prediction of alpha-synucleinopathies [6] Comparative biology: - inhalation of IL-12 messenger RNA, encapsulated within extracellular vesicles, is preferentially taken up by cancer cells of mice with lung tumours [7] - these extracellular vesicles promote IGN-gamma mediated immune activation, systemic immunity & immune memory resulting in tumor suppression & resistance to tumor rechallenges [7]

Related

endosome (phagosome) intracellular vesicle microvesicle

General

extracellular vesicle; secreted vesicle organelle

References

  1. Komaroff AL New Hypothesis on What Allows Metastatic Deposits to Grow. NEJM Journal Watch. May 28, 2015 Massachusetts Medical Society (subscription needed) http://www.jwatch.org - Costa-Silva B et al. Pancreatic cancer exosomes initiate pre-metastatic niche formation in the liver. Nat Cell Biol 2015 May 18 PMID: 25985394
  2. Hoshino A et al. Tumour exosome integrins determine organotropic metastasis. Nature 2015 Nov 19; 527:329. PMID: 26524530 - Rak J. Cancer.Organ-seeking vesicles. Nature 2015 Nov 19; 527:312 PMID: 26524529
  3. Wu M, Ouyang Y, Wang Z et al Isolation of exosomes from whole blood by integrating acoustics and microfluidics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 2017 14(40): 10584-10589 PMID: 28923936 Free PMC Article http://www.pnas.org/content/114/40/10584.long
  4. Shah R, Patel T, Freedman JE Circulating Extracellular Vesicles in Human Disease. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:958-966. Sept 6, 2018 PMID: 30184457 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1704286
  5. Jiang C, Fu Y, Liu G, Shu B, Davis J, Tofaris GK. Multiplexed Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles for Biomarker Development. Nanomicro Lett. 2021 Dec 2;14(1):3. PMID: 34855021 PMCID: PMC8638654 Free PMC article. Review.
  6. Yan S, Jiang C, Davis JJ, Tofaris GK. Methodological considerations in neuronal extracellular vesicle isolation for alpha-synuclein biomarkers. Brain. 2023 Nov 2;146(11):e95-e97 PMID: 37224515 PMCID: PMC10629756 Free PMC article
  7. Liu M, Hu S, Yan N, Popowski KD, Cheng K. Inhalable extracellular vesicle delivery of IL-12 mRNA to treat lung cancer and promote systemic immunity. Nat Nanotechnol. 2024 Jan 11. PMID: 38212521