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normal microbial (endogenous) flora

Physiology: General - ~ 100,000,000,000,000 (100 trillion) bacteria reside on healthy people (10 x number of cells in human body) [4] Mouth & oropharynx - viridans streptococci (4+) - coagulase-negative staphylococci - Veillonella spp (4+) - Fusobacterium spp - Treponema spp - Bacteroides spp - Neisseria spp - Branhamella catarrhalis - Streptococcus pneumonia - beta-hemolytic streptococci (NOT group A) - Candida spp - Haemophilus spp - diphtheroids - Actinomyces spp - Eikenella corrodens - Staphylococcus aureus (1+) Lung [8] - Veillonella - Prevotella - Neisseria - Acinetobacter - Streptococcus (some species) - Pseuduomonas (more prevalent in asthma, rare in normal persons) Nose - coagulase-negative staphylococci - viridans streptococci - Staphylococcus aureus - Neisseria spp - Haemophilus spp - Streptococcus pneumoniae Outer ear - coagulase-negative staphylococci - diphtheroids - Pseudomonas spp - Enterobacteriaceae (occasionally) Conjunctivae - coagulase-negative staphylococci - Haemophilus spp - Staphylococcus aureus - Streptococci spp Skin - coagulase-negative staphylococci - Staphylococcus epidermidis - diphtheroids - Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium, Propionibacterium acnes - Staphylococcus aureus - Streptococci - Bacillus spp - Malassezia furfur - Acinetobacter [10] - Candida spp - Mycobacterium spp (occasionally) Urethra - coagulase-negative staphylococci - diphtheroids - Streptococci - Mycobacterium spp. - Bacteroides spp. - Fusobacterium spp. - Peptostreptococcus spp. Vagina - Lactobacillus spp. - Lactobacillus crispatus & Lactobacillus iners predominate in premenopausal women - menopause is associated with a shift in endogenous flora to Lactobacillus gasseri & to Streptococcus & Prevotella [6] - Peptostreptococcus spp. - diphtheroids - Streptococci - Clostridium spp - Bacteroides spp - Candida spp - Gardnerella vaginalis Gastrointestinal tract* - small intestine - Lactobacillus spp (3+) - Bacteroides spp (3+) - Clostridium spp (2+) - Mycobacterium spp (2+) - Enterococci (2+) - Enterobacteriaceae (2+) - large intestine - Bacteroides spp (4+) - Fusobacterium spp - Fusobacterium nucleatum may be increased in patients with colon cancer - Clostridium spp (4+) - Peptostreptococcus spp (4+) - Enterobacteriaceae (4+) - Escherichia coli - Klebsiella spp - Proteus spp - Lactobacillus spp (3+) - Enterococci (2+) - Streptococci - Pseudomonas spp (1+) - Acinetobacter spp - coagulase-negative staphylococci (1+) - Staphylococcus aureus (1+) - Mycobacterium spp (1+) - Actinomyces spp * exercise increases diversity of gut microbiota [7] - diet also plays a role [7] * > 400 species [3] * estimated weight of microbial flora in human gut is 1-1.4 kg * strain of S epidermidis may protect against skin cancer [9]

General

microbial flora (microbiome)

References

  1. Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests, 3rd ed. Teitz ed., W.B. Saunders, 1995
  2. Clinical Diagnosis & Management by Laboratory Methods, 19th edition, J.B. Henry (ed), W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA. 1996, pg 1133
  3. Kraehenbuhl JP & Corbett M, Keeping the gut microflora at bay, Science 303, 1624, 2004
  4. Physician's First Watch Massachusetts Medical Society, June 15, 2012 Trillions of BFFs (Bacterial Friends Forever) http://www.jwatch.org (subscription required) - Kolata G In Good Health? Thank Your 100 Trillion Bacteria New York Times, June 13, 2012 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/14/health/human-microbiome-project-decodes-our-100-trillion-good-bacteria.html?hpw - PLoS Collections The Human Microbiome Project Collection http://www.ploscollections.org/article/browseIssue.action?issue=info:doi/10.1371/issue.pcol.v01.i13 - NIH News NIH Human Microbiome Project defines normal bacterial makeup of the body: Genome sequencing creates first reference data for microbes living with healthy adults http://www.genome.gov/27549144
  5. The Human Microbiome Project Consortium. A framework for human microbiome research. Nature 2012 Jun 14; 486:215 PMID: 22699610 - Relman DA. Learning about who we are. Nature 2012 Jun 14; 486:194 PMID: 22699602
  6. Brotman RM et al. Association between the vaginal microbiota, menopause status, and signs of vulvovaginal atrophy. Menopause 2014 May; 21:450 PMID: 24080849 http://journals.lww.com/menopausejournal/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2014&issue=05000&article=00005&type=abstract
  7. Clarke SF et al Exercise and associated dietary extremes impact on gut microbial diversity. Gut. June 9, 2014 PMID: 25021423 http://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2014/04/29/gutjnl-2013-306541 - Hold GL The gut microbiota, dietary extremes and exercise. Gut. June 9, 2014 PMID: 25021422 http://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2014/05/28/gutjnl-2014-307305.extract
  8. Lyon J The Lung Microbiome: Key to Respiratory Ills? JAMA. Published online April 12, 2017 PMID: 28403451 http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2618982
  9. Galindo Y Beneficial Skin Bacteria Protect Against Skin Cancer. UC San Diego News Center. Feb 28, 2018 citing study Nakatsuji T, Chen TC, Butcher AM et al published in Science Advances on February 28 http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/beneficial_skin_bacteria_protect_against_skin_cancer
  10. Elkston CA, Elkston DM Bacterial Skin Infections: More Than Skin Deep. Medscape. July 19, 2021 https://reference.medscape.com/slideshow/infect-skin-6003449

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microbial flora (microbiome)