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echocardiography bubble study; saline contrast study

Indications: - patent foramen ovale [1] - ventricular septal defect [1] - atrial septal defect [2] - hepatopulmonary syndrome [3] Procedure: - agitated saline is injected into a peripheral intravenous catheter to demonstrate right-to-left intracardiac shunt or an abnormally dilated pulmonary vascular bed [3]

Related

ultrasound/microbubble therapy

General

ultrasound (US, UTZ)

References

  1. Brigham and Women's Hospital A Patient's Guide to Saline Contrast Study ("Bubble Study") http://www.brighamandwomens.org/departments_and_services/medicine/services/cvcenter/patient/bubblestudy.aspx
  2. Mayo Clinic Patent foramen ovale http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patent-foramen-ovale/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20028729
  3. Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 15, 16, 19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2009, 2012, 2021