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dietary potassium; dietary K+

Dosage: - adults: - > 3510 mg of potassium from food daily [1] - adequate intake is 4700 mg/day - there is no tolerable upper intake level* * certainly renal failure is an exception Laboratory: - 24 hour urine potassium [4] - mean 24 hour urine potassium in US adults is 2155 mg/day Notes: - high dietary potassium is associated with lower blood pressure & a reduced risk of stroke in hypertensive patients [2] - low potassium intake is associated with excess risk of all-cause mortality & cardiovascular mortality [3] - moderate sodium (3-5 g/day) & high potassium intake (> 2.1 g/day) associated with lowest cardiovascular mortality [5] - salt substitute (70% sodium chloride, 30% potassium chloride) to replace regular salt lowers systolic blood pressure 3.3 mm Hg assessed at year 5 [6] - salt substitute significantly lowers risk of stroke & all-cause mortality - lower urine sodium & higher urine potassium associated with fewer adverse cardiovascular events [7]

Related

K+

General

nutritional (essential) mineral

References

  1. World Health Organization Guideline: Potassium intake for adults and children. 2012 http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guidelines/potassium_intake_printversion.pdf
  2. Aburto NJ et al. Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: Systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ 2013 Apr 4; 346:f1378. PMID: 23558164
  3. Mozaffarian D et al Global Sodium Consumption and Death from Cardiovascular Causes. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:624-634. August 14, 2014 PMID: 25119608 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1304127 - Mente A et al Association of Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion with Blood Pressure. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:601-611. August 14, 2014 PMID: 25119606 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1311989 - O'Donnell M et al Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion, Mortality, and Cardiovascular Events. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:612-623. August 14, 2014 PMID: 25119607 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1311889 - Oparil S Low Sodium Intake - Cardiovascular Health Benefit or Risk? N Engl J Med 2014; 371:677-679. August 14, 2014 PMID: 25119614 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1407695
  4. Cogswell ME, Loria CM, Terry AL et al Estimated 24-Hour Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion in US Adults. JAMA. Published online March 7, 2018 PMID: 29516104 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2674711 - Ix JH, Anderson CAM Measurements of 24-Hour Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion. Importance and Implications. JAMA. Published online March 7, 2018 PMID: 29516102 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2674710
  5. O'Donnell M et al. Joint association of urinary sodium and potassium excretion with cardiovascular events and mortality: Prospective cohort study. BMJ 2019 Mar 13; 364:l772 PMID: 30867146 Free full text https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l772
  6. Neal B, Wu Y, Feng X et al. Effect of salt substitution on cardiovascular events and death. N Engl J Med 2021 Aug 29; [e-pub]. PMID: 34459569 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2105675 - Ingelfinger JR. Can salt substitution save at-risk persons from stroke? N Engl J Med 2021 Aug 29; [e-pub] PMID: 34459568 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMe2112857
  7. Ma Y, He FJ, Sun Q et al. 24-hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2021 Nov 13; [e-pub]. PMID: 34767706 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2109794