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Covid-19 reinfection

Epidemiology: - 33-year-old man in Hong Kong represent 1st confirmed case of reinfection [1] - 89 year-old Dutch woman is the first COVID-19 reinfection death [2] - the woman was suffering from Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia [2] - 5 residents of a Kentucky skilled nursing facility who tested positive for SARS-CoV2 during an outbreak in July 2020 tested positive again during a 2nd outbreak more than 3 months later [3] - reinfection risk within 7 months is < 10% [4] - reinfection rate is 8 per 100,000 person-days of follow-up among people >=65 years, versus 4-6 per 100,000 person-days among younger age groups [5] - 5800 fully vaccinated people have been re-infected with SARS-CoV2 in the U.S. as of April 2021 (0.008% of fully vaccinated people) [6] - re-infection in 10% of unvaccinated Marines within 6 weeks [7] - 50% risk of re-infection 17 months after a 1st infection without measures such as masking & vaccination [8] Complications: - Covid-19 reinfection associated with increased risk of hospitalization (RR=3.3), long Covid-19 & death (RR=2.2) [9]

General

COVID-19

References

  1. Walker M First Case of COVID-19 Reinfection Confirmed - Viral sequence disparity indicates Hong Kong case not simply prolonged infection. MedPage Today August 24, 2020 https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/88234 - To KKW, Hung IFN, Ip JD et al. COVID-19 re-infection by a phylogenetically distinct SARS-coronavirus-2 strain confirmed by whole genome sequencing. Clin Infect Dis 2020 Aug 25 PMID: 32840608 https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaa1275/5897019
  2. Cassidy A Dutch woman dies after catching Covid-19 twice, the first reported reinfection death. CNN. Oct 13, 2020 https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/13/europe/covid-19-dutch-woman-reinfection-death-intl/index.html
  3. Cavanaugh AM, Thoroughman D, Miranda H, Spicer K. Suspected Recurrent SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among Residents of a Skilled Nursing Facility During a Second COVID-19 Outbreak - Kentucky, July-November 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:273-277 PMID: 33630817 Free article https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7008a3.htm
  4. Pilz S, Chakeri A, Ioannidis JPA et al. SARS-CoV-2 re-infection risk in Austria. Eur J Clin Invest 2021 Feb 13; [e-pub]. PMID: 33583018 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eci.13520
  5. Hansen CH, Michlmayr D, Gubbels SM et al Assessment of protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 among 4 million PCR-tested individuals in Denmark in 2020: a population-level observational study. Lancet. 2021. March 17 PMID: 33743221 PMCID: PMC7969130 Free PMC article https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00575-4/fulltext
  6. Tinker B, Fox M So far, 5,800 fully vaccinated people have caught Covid anyway in US, CDC says. CNN Health. April 15, 2021 https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/14/health/breakthrough-infections-covid-vaccines-cdc/index.html - American Medical Association (AMA) AMA Morning Report. April 16, 2021
  7. Walker M Young Men Not Immune to Getting COVID Twice. Study in U.S. Marines stresses importance of vaccination, author says. MedPage Today April 15, 2021 https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/92113 - Letizia AG, Ge Y, Vangeti S et al SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and subsequent infection risk in healthy young adults: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 2021. April 15. PMID: 33865504 PMCID: PMC8049591 Free PMC article https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(21)00158-2/fulltext - Velasco M, Guijarro C. SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in a closed setting: lessons for the community. Lancet Respir Med 2021. April 15. PMID: 33865505 PMCID: PMC8049587 Free PMC article https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(21)00187-9/fulltext
  8. Peeples L COVID reinfections likely within one or two years, models propose. Nature News. October 19, 2021 https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02825-8
  9. Bowe B, Xie Y, Al-Aly Z Acute and postacute sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. Nature Medicine. 2022. Nov 10. PMID: 36357676 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-022-02051-3