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coffee

Beverage consumed for caffeine content. Adverse effects: - up to 5 cups of coffee daily is not associated with adverse effects in most adults [10] - 4 cups of coffee daily is not associated with adverse effects in men [25] - 4 cups of coffee daily may be associated with increased risk of fractures in women [25] - >= 6 cups of coffee/day is associated with smaller brain volume, 53% increased risk for dementia, & 17% increased risk of stroke [38] - coffee not likely associated with increased risk of cancer - >3 cups/day increases risk of pancreatic cancer [15] - high coffee consumption is associated with a reduced pancreatic cancer risk [16] - no association of coffee and pancreatic cancer [17] - coffee is not a carcinogen [18] - no association between coffee or caffeine consumption & cardiovascular events [19] - no association between coffee & blood pressure or risk for hypertension [49] - genetic variant in CYP1A2 resulting in slow metabolism of caffeine increases risk of albuminuria, hyperfiltration, & hypertension in heavy coffee consumers (> 3 cups/day) [46] - no increase in premature atrial contractions or supraventricular tachycardia [41,47] - 1 cup of coffee/day may be associated with increased risk for premature ventricular contractions [41] - neither habitual coffee consumption nor genetically mediated differences in caffeine metabolism was associated with an increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias [37] - high coffee consumption in pregnancy was linked to pregnancy loss, low birth weight, & preterm birth [25] - caffeinated coffee consumption associated with less sleep, but more daily steps [47] Mechanism of action: - 115 metabolites associated with coffee intake [26] - 82 mapped to one of 33 biological pathways - enrichment of metabolite members of 5 pathways - xanthine metabolism: includes caffeine metabolites - benzoate metabolism: polyphenols from gut microbiota metabolism - steroid: may reflect phytosterol content of coffee - fatty acid metabolism (acylcholine) - endocannabinoid [26] - regular coffee drinking enhances alertness & concentration & improves motor control by inducing fMRI changes in connectivity with resultant functional changes in the brain [32] - coffee increases brain activity involved in short-term memory, attention & focus - caffeine by itself does not [48] Notes: 1) regular consumption of caffeinated coffee may reduce risk of diabetes mellitus type 2 [2,3,8] - relative risk = 0.7 for 4-5 cups/day; 0.5 for > 6 cups/day - consuming coffee without (or with less) sugar may help lower daily calorie intake without restrictive dieting [22] - both regular & decaffeinated coffee appeared to lower risk for type 2 diabetes [25] 2) may reduce risk of ischemic stroke [4,8] - >= 6 cups/day may increase risk of stroke (RR=1.17) [38] - 1/2 to 3 cups/day for middle-age adults without heart disease lowers 10 year risk for stroke (21%) or death (12%) [40] 3) may reduce risk of depression in women [5] 4) inversely associated with mortality (dose-dependent) [6] - mortality risks actually higher with coffee consumption until adjusted for smoking (common among coffee drinkers) [6] - mortality benefit even after accounting for risk factors smoking, alcohol, age, & weight [34] - RR=0.90 for men; 0.85 for women - RR=0.7 lowest for 3-4 cups/day (unsweetened) & 2-3 cups (sugar-sweetened) [44] - 1-5 cups/day may reduce all-cause mortality [8,11] RR=0.91-0.95 - reduced risk also apparent with decaffeinated coffee [11] - 3 cups of coffee/day (regular or decaffeinated) associated with 17% reduction in overall mortality [25] - RR = 0,94 (1 cup/day); RR = 0.82 (2-3 cups/day); RR = 0.79 (4-5 cups/day); RR = 0.84 (>= 6 cups/day) [14] - among never smokers, coffee appears protective against mortality due to cardiovascular events and neurologic diseases & suicide [11] - caffeinated coffee was linked to lower risks for cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, & stroke, with benefits highest at 3-5 cups daily [25] - inverse associations were observed for deaths from - heart disease, chronic respiratory diseases, pneumonia, influenza, diabetes mellitus, suicide - death from cancer is not diminished [14] - caffeinated coffee associated with lower risks for cancer & liver disease [25] - coffee consumption inversely associated with mortality among Europeans, Californians, Hawaiians [21] - exception is native Hawaiians [21] - coffee drinking is inversely associated with mortality, including among those drinking 8 or more cups per day & those with genetic polymorphisms indicating slower or faster caffeine metabolism [28] - noncaffeine constituents in the coffee-mortality association likely play a role 5) reduced risk of heart failure (2-4 cups/day) [7,39] 6) moderate coffee consumption associated with lower coronary artery calcium [9] 7) expresso coffee linked to higher total serum cholesterol 0.08 mmol/L (3.5 mg/dL) for women & 0.16 mmol/L (6.2 mg/dL) men [43] 8) reduced risk of colorectal cancer (both caffeinated & decaffeinated) - RR = 0.78 for 1-2 cups/day, RR = 0.59 for 2-2.5 cups/day; RR = 0.46 for > 2.5 cups/day [12] - RR = 0.93 for > 5 cups/days (threshold for benefit) [13] - coffee reduces risk of mortality & disease progression in patients with colorectal cancer with a dose-response relationship [31] 9) coffee & caffeine may reduce risk of Parkinson's disease [20] 10) higher coffee consumption is associated with slower cognitive decline & less cerebral Abeta-amyloid accumulation [42] 11) reduced risk for multiple sclerosis (RR=0.7) [23] 12) caffeinated coffee may reduce risk of rosacea in women (RR=0.89) [29] 13) may reduce risk of acute kidney injury [45] 14) increased risk for lung cancer in smokers (RR=1.25, but not in non-smokers RR=0.85) [24] 15) Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Elihu Berle ruled that Starbucks & other coffee companies in California should have to post warnings that their coffee contains acylamide, a byproduct of coffee roasting that has been linked to cancer [27]

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drug interactions

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coffee grounds

General

beverage

References

  1. Prescriber's Letter 9(9):52 2002
  2. Journal Watch 24(4):30, 2004 Salazar-Martinez E et al, Ann Intern Med 140:1, 2004 PMID: 14706966
  3. van Dam RM, Hu FB. Coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. JAMA. 2005 Jul 6;294(1):97-104. Review. PMID: 15998896
  4. Larsson SC et al. Coffee consumption and risk of stroke in women. Stroke 2011 Mar 10 PMID: 21393590 http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/STROKEAHA.110.603787v1
  5. Lucas M et al Coffee, Caffeine, and Risk of Depression Among Women Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(17):1571-1578. PMID: 21949167 http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/171/17/1571 - Berkowitz SA Coffee Consumption and Depression Risk Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(17):1578 PMID: 21949168 http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/extract/171/17/1578
  6. Freedman ND et al Association of Coffee Drinking with Total and Cause-Specific Mortality N Engl J Med 2012; 366:1891-1904 PMID: 22591295 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1112010
  7. Mostofsky E et al Habitual Coffee Consumption and Risk of Heart Failure: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis Circulation, June 26, 2012 PMID: 22740040 http://circheartfailure.ahajournals.org/content/early/2012/06/26/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.967299.full.pdf+html
  8. O'Keefe JH et al Effects of Habitual Coffee Consumption on Cardiometabolic Disease, Cardiovascular Health, and All-cause Mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. July, 2013 http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1712575
  9. Choi Y, Chang Y, Ryu S et al Coffee consumption and coronary artery calcium in young and middle-aged asymptomatic adults. Heart. March 2, 2015 PMID: 25732752 http://heart.bmj.com/content/early/2015/02/06/heartjnl-2014-306663
  10. Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. February 2015. http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/
  11. Ding M et al Association of Coffee Consumption with Total and Cause- Specific Mortality in Three Large Prospective Cohorts. Circulation. Nov 16, 2015 PMID: 26572796 http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2015/11/10/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017341.full.pdf+html
  12. Schmit SL, Rennert HS, Rennert G, Gruber SB Coffee Consumption and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev April 2016 25; 634 PMID: 27196095 http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/25/4/634
  13. Gan Y, Wu J, Zhang S et al Association of coffee consumption with risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Oncotarget. 2016 Apr 7. PMID: 27078843 Free Article
  14. Loftfield E, Freedman ND, Graubard BI et al Association of Coffee Consumption With Overall and Cause- Specific Mortality in a Large US Prospective Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2015 Dec 15;182(12):1010-22. PMID: 26614599
  15. MacMahon B, Yen S, Trichopoulos D, Warren K, Nardi G. Coffee and cancer of the pancreas. N Engl J Med. 1981 Mar 12;304(11):630-3. PMID: 7453739 - Gullo L, Pezzilli R, Morselli-Labate AM; Italian Pancreatic Cancer Study Group. Coffee and cancer of the pancreas: an Italian multicenter study. Pancreas. 1995 Oct;11(3):223-9. PMID: 8577674 - Nie K, Xing Z, Huang W, Wang W, Liu W. Coffee intake and risk of pancreatic cancer: an updated meta- analysis of prospective studies. Minerva Med. 2016 Apr 21. PMID: 27098495
  16. Ran HQ, Wang JZ, Sun CQ. Coffee Consumption and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: An Update Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies. Pak J Med Sci. 2016 Jan-Feb;32(1):253-9.Review. PMID: 27022386 Free PMC Article
  17. Guertin KA, Freedman ND, Loftfield E et al A prospective study of coffee intake and pancreatic cancer: results from the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Br J Cancer. 2015 Sep 29;113(7):1081-5. PMID: 26402414
  18. Orciari Herman A, Sadoughi S, Saitz R WHO Agency: Very Hot Beverages Probably Are Carcinogenic Physician's First Watch, June 16, 2016 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org - International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) PRESS RELEASE No, 244. June 15, 2016 IARC Monographs evaluate drinking coffee, mate, and very hot beverages http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2016/pdfs/pr244_E.pdf
  19. Hand L Moderate Tea Drinking Tea May Slow CAC Progression, Cut CV Event Risk: MESA. Medscape. Sep 23, 2016 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/869038
  20. Ross GW et al Association of coffee and caffeine intake with the risk of Parkinson disease. JAMA 283:2674, 2000 PMID: 10819950
  21. Gunter MJ, Murphy N, Cross AJ et al Coffee Drinking and Mortality in 10 European Countries: A Multinational Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2017. July 11 PMID: 28693038 http://annals.org/aim/article/2643435/coffee-drinking-mortality-10-european-countries-multinational-cohort-study - Park SY, Freedman ND, Haiman CA et al Association of Coffee Consumption With Total and Cause- Specific Mortality Among Nonwhite Populations. Ann Intern Med. 2017. July 11 PMID: 28693036 http://annals.org/aim/article/2643433/association-coffee-consumption-total-cause-specific-mortality-among-nonwhite-populations - Guallar E, Blasco-Colmenares E, Arking DE, Zhao D. Moderate Coffee Intake Can Be Part of a Healthy Diet. Ann Intern Med. 2017. July 11 PMID: 28693039 http://annals.org/aim/article/2643436/moderate-coffee-intake-can-part-healthy-diet - Localio AR, Stack CB, Griswold ME. Sensitivity Analysis for Unmeasured Confounding: E-Values for Observational Studies. Ann Intern Med. 2017. July 11 PMID: 28693037 http://annals.org/aim/article/2643733/sensitivity-analysis-unmeasured-confounding-e-values-observational-studies
  22. Crist C Mindful Coffee Consumption May Help Reduce Sugar Intake. Medscape - Aug 22, 2017. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/884584 - Lenne RL, Mann T Reducing sugar use in coffee while maintaining enjoyment: A randomized controlled trial. J Health Psychol. 2017 Aug 1:1359105317723452. PMID: 28795605 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1359105317723452
  23. Hughes S High Daily Coffee Consumption Linked to Lower MS Risk Medscape - Mar 10, 2016. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/860178? - Hedstrom AK, Mowry EM, Gianfrancesco MA et al High consumption of coffee is associated with decreased multiple sclerosis risk; results from two independent studies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016 May;87(5):454-60 PMID: 26940586 Free PMC Article http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/early/2016/02/03/jnnp-2015-312176.full
  24. Xie Y, Qin J, Nan G, Huang S, Wang Z, Su Y. Coffee consumption and the risk of lung cancer: an updated meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016 Feb;70(2):199-206. Review. PMID: 26081490
  25. Bachert A. Coffee: No Harm, No Foul If Only 4 Cups Daily. However, link seen between coffee drinking and fracture risk in women. MedPage Today. Nov 22, 2017 - Poole R, Kennedy OJ, Roderick P et al Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta- analyses of multiple health outcomes. BMJ 2017. Nov 22 PMID: 29167102 Free Article http://www.bmj.com/content/359/bmj.j5024 - No authors listed Coffee gets a clean bill of health. BMJ 2017; PMID: 29167168 http://www.bmj.com/content/359/bmj.j5356
  26. Cornelis MC, Erlund I, Michelotti GA et al Metabolomic response to coffee consumption: application to a three-stage clinical trial. J Intern Med. 2018 Mar 15. PMID: 29381822
  27. Hsu T Coffee Drinkers Need Cancer Warning, Judge Rules, Giving Sellers the Jitters. New York Times. March 30, 2018 https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/30/business/coffee-cancer-warning.html - CBS News. March 30, 2018 Starbucks, others must carry cancer warning in California, judge rules. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/starbucks-cancer-warning-judge-rules-on-coffee-carcinogen-acrylamide/
  28. Loftfield E, Cornelis MC, Caporaso N et al. Association of coffee drinking with mortality by genetic variation in caffeine metabolism: Findings from the UK biobank. JAMA Intern Med 2018 Jul 2; PMID: 29971434 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2686145
  29. Li S, Chen ML, Drucker AM et al Association of Caffeine Intake and Caffeinated Coffee Consumption With Risk of Incident Rosacea In Women. JAMA Dermatol. Published online October 17, 2018. PMID: 30347034 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/2707780 - Wehner MR, Linos E. One More Reason to Continue Drinking Coffee. JAMA Dermatol. Published online October 17, 2018. PMID: 30347020 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/2707778
  30. Rothaus C Coffee, Caffeine, and Health NEJM Resident 360. July 22, 2020 https://resident360.nejm.org/clinical-pearls/coffee-caffeine-and-health
  31. Mackintosh C, Yuan C, Ou FS et al Association of Coffee Intake With Survival in Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. JAMA Oncol. Published online September 17, 2020. PMID: 32940631 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2770262 - Loftfield E, Gunter MJ, Sinha R Coffee and Colorectal CancerIs Improved Survival a "Perk" of Coffee Drinking? JAMA Oncol. Published online September 17, 2020. PMID: 32940627 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2770257
  32. Yasgur BS. Regular Coffee Drinking Tied to Functional Brain Changes. Medscape - Apr 26, 2021. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/949983
  33. Syrek R Trending Clinical Topic: Coffee. Medscape - May 14, 2021. https://reference.medscape.com/viewarticle/950562
  34. Watson J More Than Just a Hill of Beans: The Health Effects of Coffee. Medscape - Jul 12, 2021. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/954638 - Nieber K The Impact of Coffee on Health Planta Med. 2017 Nov;83(16):1256-1263 PMID: 28675917
  35. Tamakoshi A, Lin Y, Kawado M et al Effect of coffee consumption on all-cause and total cancer mortality: findings from the JACC study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2011 Apr;26(4):285-93 PMID: 21298466
  36. van Dam RM, Hu FB, Willett WC. Coffee, Caffeine, and Health. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 23;383(4):369-378. PMID: 32706535 Review.
  37. Kim EJ, Hoffmann TJ, Nah G et al Coffee Consumption and Incident Tachyarrhythmias. Reported Behavior, Mendelian Randomization, and Their Interactions. JAMA Intern Med. Published online July 19, 2021. July 19 PMID: 34279564 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2782015 - Goldberger ZD, Hayward RA Another Cup of Coffee Without an Arrhythmia, Please. JAMA Intern Med. Published online July 19, 202 PMID: 34279552 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2782021
  38. Andreson P Coffee and the Brain: 'Concerning' New Data. Medscape - Jul 26, 2021 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/955378 - Pham K, Mulugeta A, Zhou A et al High coffee consumption, brain volume and risk of dementia and stroke. Nutritional Neuroscience 2021. Jun 21 PMID: 34165394 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1028415X.2021.1945858
  39. Kirkner M Coffee Tied to Lower Heart Failure Risk. Medscape - Feb 10, 2021. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/945604 - Stevens LM, Linstead E, Hall JL, Kao DP Association Between Coffee Intake and Incident Heart Failure Risk. A Machine Learning Analysis of the FHS, the ARIC Study, and the CHS. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2021 Feb 9 PMID: 33557575 PMCID: PMC8081115 (available on 2022-02-09) https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.119.006799
  40. Busko M Low-to-Moderate Coffee Intake in Midlife Tied to Heart Benefits Medscape. August 28, 2021 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/957464
  41. Phend C Coffee Causes This One Arrhythmia, Trial Shows. Overall mixed results in the CRAVE randomized trial. MedPage Today November 14, 2021 https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/aha/95644 - Wendling P CRAVE: No Spike in Atrial Arrhythmias Among Coffee Drinkers. Medscape. November 14, 2021 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/962909
  42. Gardener SL, Rainey-Smith1 SR, Villemagne VL et al Higher Coffee Consumption Is Associated With Slower Cognitive Decline and Less Cerebral Abeta-Amyloid Accumulation Over 126 Months: Data From the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers, and Lifestyle Study. Front. Aging Neurosci., 19 November 2021 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2021.744872/full
  43. Lyles A Espresso Coffee Associated With Increased Total Cholesterol. Medscape. May 11, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/973819 - Svatun AL, Lochen ML, Thelle DS, Wilsgaard T. Association between espresso coffee and serum total cholesterol: the Tromso Study 2015-2016 OpenHeart 2022 9(1):e001946 PMID: 35537850 PMCID: PMC8995942 Free PMC article https://openheart.bmj.com/content/9/1/e001946
  44. Pass W Coffee Drinkers - Even Those With a Sweet Tooth - Live Longer. Medscape. May 31, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/974816 - Liu D, Li ZH, Shen D Association of Sugar-Sweetened, Artificially Sweetened, and Unsweetened Coffee Consumption With All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality. A Large Prospective Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2022 . May 31 PMID: 35635846 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M21-2977 - Wee CC. The potential health benefit of coffee: Does a spoonful of sugar make it all go away? Ann Intern Med 2022 May 31; [e-pub]. PMID: 35635845 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M22-1465
  45. Tommerdahl KL, Hu EA, Selvin E et al Coffee Consumption May Mitigate the Risk for Acute Kidney Injury: Results From the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. KIRERORTS. Kidney International Reports. May 5, 2022 https://www.kireports.org/article/S2468-0249(22)01369-9/fulltext
  46. Mahdavi S, Palatini P, El-Sohem A. CYP1A2 Genetic Variation, Coffee Intake, and Kidney Dysfunction JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(1):e2247868 PMID: 36701157 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2800839
  47. Marcus GM et al. Acute effects of coffee consumption on health among ambulatory adults. N Engl J Med 2023 Mar 23; 388:1092. PMID: 36947466 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2204737
  48. Pico-Perez et al Coffee consumption decreases the connectivity of the posterior Default Mode Network (DMN) at rest. Bront. Behav. Neurosci., 28 June 2023 Sec. Learning and Memory. Volume 17 - 2023
  49. Trevano FQ, Vela-Bernal S, Facchetti R, Cuspidi C, Mancia G, Grassi G. Habitual coffee consumption and office, home, and ambulatory blood pressure: Results of a 10-year prospective study. J Hypertens 2024 Jun; 42:1094. PMID: 38646971 PMCID: PMC11064901 https://journals.lww.com/jhypertension/fulltext/2024/06000/habitual_coffee_consumption_and_office,_home,_and.21.aspx

Components

caffeine (NoDoz, Vivarin)