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Campylobacter
Epidemiology:
- Campylobacter infection generally results from ingestionof raw or undercooked poultry, drinking infectious raw milk, ingestion of other foods contaminated with Campylobacter
- multi-state drug-resistant Campylobacter outbreak linked to contact Pet store (Petland) puppies 2017 (Florida, Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Utah, Wisconsin, Wyoming) [5]
Pathology:
- Campylobacter jejuni & Campylobacter pylori are 2 species most commonly involved in human disease
- often resistant to fluoroquinolones
Clinical manifestations:
- onset several days (2-5) after ingestion of bacteria
- indistinguishable from other forms of infectious diarrhea
- abdominal pain & diarrhea for 3-7 days
- diarrhea is watery & may be bloody (< 15%)
- 10-14 bowel movement/day
- some patients have a brief febrile prodrome
Laboratory:
- stool for ova & parasites
- Campylobacter identified by culture
- Corkscrew-like appearance
- Campylobacter stool culture establishes diagnosis
- blood cultures
- Campylobacter serology
- Campylobacter DNA, Campylobacter rRNA
Complications:
- reactive arthritis [1]
- Guillain-Barre syndrome (most common trigger) [1,6]
- irritable bowel syndrome
- intestinal perforation
- glomerulonephritis
- erythema nodosum
- hemolytic anemia [1]
Management:
- most patients with Campylobacter infection recover within 1 week without treatment
- antibiotics should be considered for severely ill patients, immunosuppressed patients, pregnant, elderly
- macrolides are 1st line [1]
a) azithromycin
b) erythromycin
- 25% of Campylobacter infections are resistant to ciprofloxacin [2]
Specific
Campylobacter cinaedi
Campylobacter coli
Campylobacter concisus
Campylobacter fenelliae
Campylobacter fetus
Campylobacter hyointestinalis
Campylobacter jejuni
Campylobacter lari (formerly Campylobacter laridis)
Campylobacter nitrofigilis
Campylobacter pylori
Campylobacter pyloridis
Campylobacter sputorum
Campylobacter upsaliensis
General
Spirillaceae
Properties
KINGDOM: monera
DIVISION: SCHIZOMYCETES
References
- Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 15, 16, 17, 18, 19.
American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, 2021
- Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 19
Board Basics. An Enhancement to MKSAP19.
American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2022
- National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System
The 2012 NARMS Annual Human Isolates Report
CDC NARMS tracks antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella and
other enteric (intestinal) bacteria that may cause mild or
severe diarrhea or bloodstream infection.
http://www.cdc.gov/narms/reports/annual-human-isolates-report-2012.html
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
The 2013 NARMS Annual Human Isolates Report.
CDC NARMS tracks antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella and
other enteric (intestinal) bacteria that may cause mild or
severe diarrhea or bloodstream infection.
http://www.cdc.gov/narms/reports/annual-human-isolates-report-2013.html
- Ricotta EE, Palmer A, Wymore K et al
Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of international
travel-associated Campylobacter infections in the United States,
2005-2011.
Am J Public Health. 2014 Jul;104(7):e108-14. Epub 2014 May 15.
PMID: 24832415
- Bhattacharyya RP, Flores EJ, Azar MM.
Case 30-2017 - A 65-Year-Old Woman with Altered Mental Status,
Bacteremia, and Acute Liver Failure.
N Engl J Med 2017; 377:1274-1282. September 28, 2017
PMID: 28953442
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcpc1706100
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Multistate Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Campylobacter
Infections Linked to Contact with Pet Store Puppies.
Outbreak Advisory. Oct 3, 2017
https://www.cdc.gov/campylobacter/outbreaks/puppies-9-17/index.html
- Halpin AL, Gu W, Wise ME et al
Post-Campylobacter Guillain Barre Syndrome in the USA: secondary
analysis of surveillance data collected during the 2009-2010 novel
Influenza A (H1N1) vaccination campaign.
Epidemiol Infect. 2018 Oct;146(13):1740-1745.