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breakfast

Management: - eating breakfast improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes - eating fibre-containing breakfast cereals - improves general wellbeing & bowel function [1] - reduces risk of heart failure [2] Notes: - skipping breakfast & irregular bedtime in early childhood associated with increased body mass index & with psychosocial problems in adolescence [4] - eating breakfast as strategy to lose weight in question [6] - skipping breakfast in adulthood associated with increased risk for subclinical atherosclerosis (RR=1.8) [5] - habitually skipping breakfast is associated with cardiovascular risk (RR=1.9) [7] - absorption of some medications is best when taken 1 hour before breakfast after an overnight fast - levothyroxine - benzphetamine

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eating

References

  1. Lawton CL, Walton J, Hoyland A et al Short term (14 days) consumption of insoluble wheat bran fibre-containing breakfast cereals improves subjective digestive feelings, general wellbeing and bowel function in a dose dependent manner. Nutrients. 2013 Apr 22;5(4):1436-55. PMID: 23609776
  2. Agha G et al. Healthy lifestyle and decreasing risk of heart failure in women: The Women's Health Initiative observational study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Oct 28; 64:1777 PMID: 25443698 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109714059075 - Heidenreich PA Healthy lifestyles and personal responsibility. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Oct 28; 64:1786. PMID: 25443699 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109714059087
  3. Jakubowicz D et al. Fasting until noon triggers increased postprandial hyperglycemia and impaired insulin response after lunch and dinner in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care 2015 Oct; 38:1820. PMID: 26220945 http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/38/10/1820
  4. Kelly Y, Patalay P, Montgomery S, Sacker A BMI development and early adolescent psychosocial well-being: UK Millennium Cohort Study. Pediatrics 2016 Dec; 138:e20160967 PMID: 27940679 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/11/09/peds.2016-0967
  5. Uzhova I, Fuster A, Fernandez-Ortiz A et al The Importance of Breakfast in Atherosclerosis Disease. Insights From the PESA Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Oct 10;70(15):1833-1842 PMID: 28982495 http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/70/15/1833 - Deedwania P, Acharya T Hearty Breakfast for Healthier Arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Oct 10;70(15):1843-1845 PMID: 28982496 http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/70/15/1843
  6. Sievert K, Hussain SM, Wang Y et al Effect of breakfast on weight and energy intake: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2019;364:l42 PMID: 30700403 Free full text https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l42 - Tim Spector: Breakfast - the most important meal of the day? Thebmjopinio. Jan 30, 2019 https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2019/01/30/tim-spector-breakfast-the-most-important-meal-of-the-day/
  7. Rong S, Snetselaar LG, Xu G et al Association of Skipping Breakfast With Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality J Am Coll Cardiol. Volume 73, Issue 16, April 2019. PMID: 31023424 http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/73/16/2025 - Ibanez B, Fernandez-Alvira JM. Breakfast Is a Marker for Cardiovascular Risk Prediction J Am Coll Cardiol. Volume 73, Issue 16, April 2019. PMID: 31023425 http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/73/16/2033
  8. Rubin R. Does Skipping Breakfast Lead to Weight Loss or Weight Gain? JAMA. 2019 May 1. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.2927. PMID: 31042260