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activities of daily living (ADL)

Classification: - basic activities of daily living - instrumental activities of daily living Epidemiology: 1) 42% of individuals > 65 years of age have an impairment in 1 or more ADL [1] 2) 78% of individuals > 85 years of age have an impairment in 1 or more ADL 3) women are more likely to report limitations in ADL 4) racial & ethnic minorities have more limitations in ADL 5) lower socioeconomic status is associated with greater limitations in ADL 6) cognitive impairment, incontinence & vision impairment confer the greatest risk for loss of ADL [2] 7) Danish nonagenarians appear to have become more independent in their activities of daily living, likely due to improved cognitive function & better living accommodations [3] Notes: - caregivers most likely to have need to assist with climbing stairs [1]

Specific

basic activities of daily living (bADL, Katz) instrumental (intermediate) activities of daily living (iADL, Katz)

General

functional assessment

References

  1. Geriatrics Review Syllabus, American Geriatrics Society, 5th edition, 2002-2004; 7th edition 2010 - Geriatric Review Syllabus, 11th edition (GRS11) Harper GM, Lyons WL, Potter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2022
  2. Cigolle, CT et al, Geriatric conditions and disability: the Health and Retirement Study Annals of Internal Medicine 2007, 147:156 PMID: 17679703
  3. Christensen K et al. Physical and cognitive functioning of people older than 90 years: A comparison of two Danish cohorts born 10 years apart. Lancet 2013 Jul 11 PMID: 23849796 http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60777-1/fulltext - Rikkert MG and Melis R. Nonagenarians challenge predictions of cognitive decline. Lancet 2013 Jul 11 PMID: 23849795 http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)61220-9/fulltext